Lipases animal

More than 10,000 enzymes occur in nature. Of these, approx. 3,000 are characterized. Approx. 800 are commercially available, but only approx. 20 in industrial amounts (predominantly hydrolases and oxidoreductases). They are isolated from microorganisms, plants, or animals. Lipases (which belong to the class of hydrolases) and oxidoreductases catalyze, for example, the reactions depicted in Fig. 3.6. Note that all reactions are reversible. Examples of flavouring substances that are produced with lipases and oxidoreductases are shown in Tab. 3.12. 

In general, the iw-1 acyl enantiomer is the preferred substrate for lipases when the lipid is bound to albumin. In ethanol-water, the sw-1- and SM-3-acyl enantiomers are hydrolyzed at similar rates. A total inversion of lipase stereopreference from the 5m-1 to the sn-3 isomer is observed on going from albumin solutions to ionic micelles as a reaction medium. This effect was observed with various microbial lipases including a cutinase from Fusarum solanii (4). Lipoproteinlipase which is an animal lipase makes an exception by always preferring the 5 -l enantiomer (4). 

Cellulases, pectinases Rennin, derived from the stomachs of young ruminant animals Lipases... 

Finally we tested the two immunsera by western blot on a pure hog pancreatic lipase. Only the lower immunserum was reactive with this lipase. The cross reactivity with an animal lipase involves primary sequence epitopes rather than conformational epitopes. These two molecules have a sequence homology. Probably the consensus sequence Gly - X - Ser - X - Gly commonly present in animal and microbial lipases (Antonian, 1988 Blow, 1990 ). 

Animal lipases play a key role in the digestion of food and in the uptake and release of fats by tissues... 

Bacterial, fungal, and animal lipases AlkS-Si02 Ester synthesis, resolutions 313-319... 

Acylglycerols can be hydrolyzed by heating with acid or base or by treatment with lipases. Hydrolysis with alkali is called saponification and yields salts of free fatty acids and glycerol. This is how soap (a metal salt of an acid derived from fat) was made by our ancestors. One method used potassium hydroxide potash) leached from wood ashes to hydrolyze animal fat (mostly triacylglycerols). (The tendency of such soaps to be precipitated by Mg and Ca ions in hard water makes them less useful than modern detergents.) When the fatty acids esterified at the first and third carbons of glycerol are different, the sec-... 

Pancreatin is a pancreatic extract usually obtained from the pancrease of slaughterhouse animals. It contains a mixture of enzymes, principally amylase, protease and lipase, and, thus, exhibits a broad digestive capability. It is administered orally mainly for the treatment of pancreatic insufficiency caused by cystic fibrosis or pancreatitis. As it is sensitive to stomach acid, it must be administered in high doses or, more usually, as enteric-coated granules or capsules that may be taken directly or sprinkled upon the food prior to its ingestion. Individual digestive activities, such as papain, pepsin or bromelains (proteases), or a-amylase are sometimes used in place of pancreatin. 

The enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic esters to give optically active acids and/or alcohols (Figure 1.1) is a well established protocol using esterases or lipases. In general, esterases from microorganisms or animal sources (such as... 

E. Rogalska, C. Cudrey, F. Ferrato, R. Verger, Stereoselective Hydrolysis of Triglycerides by Animal and Microbial Lipases , Chirality 1993, 5, 24-30. 

The greatest variety of industrial enzymes are presently derived from microbial sources, with a lesser diversity coming from plant and animal sources 34), Enzymes derived from plant sources and which are used extensively in the food industry include papain, bromelain, ficin, and amylases. Animal enzymes of economic importance include trypsins, lipases, and gastric proteases. 

Pancreatic enemies (B) from slaughtered animals are used to relieve excretory insufficiency of the pancreas ( disrupted digestion of fats steatorrhea, inter alia). Normally, secretion of pancreatic enzymes is activated by cholecystokinin ancreozymin, the en-terohormone that is released into blood from the duodenal mucosa upon contact with chyme. With oral administration of pancreatic enzymes, allowance must be made for their partial inactivation by gastric acid (the lipases, particularly). Therefore, they are administered in acid-resistant dosage forms. 

Butyric fatty acid is specific for milk fat of ruminant animals and is responsible for the rancid flavor when it is cleaved from glycerol by lipase action. 

Lipid metabolism effects. Grains, in the ration of rats at a dose of 68 g/animal daily for 3 months, were active vs rats fed tapioca. Total serum cholesterol and triglycerides were higher than animals fed tapioca. Glucose-6-phosphate levels were lower, and triglyceride lipase and lipoprotein lipase were increased over levels found in the tapioca group k Seed oil, in the ration of rats at a concentration of 10% of the diet, was active. Liver triglycerides were lower in rats fed rice brain oil than those fed peanut... 

In addition to LPL, human milk contains a bile salts-activated lipase, which probably contributes to the metabolism of lipids by breast-fed babies who have limited pancreatic lipase activity. Bovine milk and milks from other dairy animals do not contain this enzyme. 

The fatty acids of triacylglycerols furnish a large fraction of the oxidative energy in animals. Dietary triacylglycerols are emulsified in the small intestine by bile salts, hydrolyzed by intestinal lipases, absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells, reconverted into triacylglycerols, then formed into chylomicrons by combination with specific apolipoproteins. 

Other chemicals which inhibit milk lipase include hydrogen peroxide, animal cephalin, sodium arsenite, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, 2,4 din-itro-l-fluorobenzene, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, potassium dichromate, lauryl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, aureomycin, penicillin, streptomycin, and terramycin (Schwartz 1974). 

Abdel Hamid, L. B., Mahran, G. A., Shehata, A. E. and Osman, S. G. 1977. Lipase activity in buffaloes milk. 2. Effect of feeding system, animal age and milking phase and meal. Egyptian J. Dairy Sci. 5, 7-10. 

Animal-derived enzyme preparations include catalase tbovine liver), lipase, pepsin, renilei. and irypsin. Flani ilerived preparations include... 

Lipases can be found in animals, vegetals and microorganisms. Historically the pancreatic lipase of mammals was the first to be studied, but today, only the enzymes produced by microorganisms are susceptible to industrial development, under different forms according to the considered process. 

---