Diseased animals, treatment

Animal disease treatment in organic animal husbandry... 

Immunological products for the treatment of animal diseases that are subject to Community prophylactic measures. 

A great many antibiotics used in animal agriculture (for growth promotion and increased feed efficiency, subtherapeutic treatments, as well as for disease treatment) have also been used in human medicine, often at much higher levels then in agriculture. Many of those compounds that are not used in human... 

There has been a gradual evolution in the types of fermentation products that have been developed for use in agriculture. This evolution has been punctuated by several major discoveries that have served to influence future work. The history begins with the accidental discovery of a new use for an antibiotic that was already playing a major role in the treatment of human diseases. There follows a deliberate search for new antibiotics unrelated to those used in humans, the detection of a new activity for what had appeared to be a useless antibiotic, and, finally, the discovery of a family of compounds that has opened up an entirely new area for the use of fermentation products in agriculture and may well play a major role in the control of both plant and animal diseases. 

It has repeatedly been shown that penicillin and tetracyclines retain their growth-promoting activity when used in the same agricultural surroundings for periods of 30 years or longer. Furthermore, tetracyclines continue to be effective in the treatment of both human and animal diseases. Atkinson and Lorian (19) found that coli. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staph, epidermidis showed "virtually the same susceptibilities" to tetracycline in 242 US hospitals, 1971 to 1982. 

If a laboratory s policy is to euthanize all diseased animals, it need not provide separate areas for the diagnosis, treatment, and control of laboratory animal diseases. Even if the laboratory does not have such a policy, there may be instances (e.g., noncontagious diseases) in which diseased animals need not be isolated for treatment. Whether or not to treat and whether or not to isolate is a scientific decision that should be made by the study director in consultation with other scientific personnel. 

The development of human pharmaceutical medicines has progressed significantly over the last twenty-five years. This has also been accompanied by a similar expansion in the development and range of pharmaceutical products available to the veterinary profession for the treatment and control of animal diseases. As with human medicines, veterinary medicines have to undergo extensive evaluation for efficacy and safety (target species, operator and consumer) to ensure that they are both effective and safe to use. The residues of these drugs that may be present in edible tissues, for some time following treatment, are of concern for those involved in consumer protection. 

Nitroazoles are compounds of very considerable commercial and chemotherapeutic importance. The introduction of metronidazole, dimetridazole, and their condensed analogs has stimulated much synthetic chemistry of nitroazoles resulting in the discovery of a number of compounds that are important for the treatment of different human and/or animal diseases. 

Relatively non-specific T cell immunosuppression has been successful in animal models. Treatment of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in mice with cyclosporin A led to improvement of the disease as seen by an abrogation of the increase in lung index, lack of IL-1 and TNFa release in BAL (Denis etal., 1992). However, this drug has not proven to be useful in clinical lung fibrosis in humans. 

A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another, and for which effective treatments and preventive measures are available. Risk to individuals is high, but risk to the community is low. 

Medical devices are instruments or equipment used for the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of human or animal diseases. They are designated by ministerial ordinance. 

Are separate areas provided for the diagnosis, treatment, and control of laboratory animal diseases ... 

Modifying influences on immune responses have been reported for the sex steroids 17(i-estradiol and testosterone. 17 5-Estradiol and synthetic non-steroidal estrogenic compounds such as diethylstilbestrol are potent modulators of immunity. The effects observed in rodents include thymic atrophy, suppression of thymus-dependent cellular immune responses, acceleration of autoimmune diseases, suppression of NK cell activity, myelotoxicity, and stimulation of the mononuclear phagocyte system (see Luster et al., 1984 Holladay, 1999). However, the immune effects described for diethylstilbestrol depend largely on the age of the animals at treatment, exposure to diethylstilbestrol, and sex. 

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