And butanediol

Table 2. Physical Properties of Butynediol, Butenediol, and Butanediol...

The original German process used either carbonyl iron or electrolytic iron as hydrogenation catalyst (113). The fixed-bed reactor was maintained at 50—100°C and 20.26 MPa (200 atm) of hydrogen pressure, giving a product containing substantial amounts of both butynediol and butanediol. Newer, more selective processes use more active catalysts at lower pressures. In particular, supported palladium, alone (49) or with promoters (114,115), has been found useful. 

As Figure 14 also shows, the only acetylene derivatives to sustain growth during this period were the so-called acetylenic chemicals. These include 1,4-butanediol, vinyl ethers, A/-vinyl-2-pyrroHdinone, and butanediol. Of these, 1,4-butanediol, a principal feed for tetrahydrofuran, accounts for over 90% of the acetylenic chemicals demand (38). 

Polymerization of castor od, chemical or oxidative, results in higher viscosity or bodied ods that are more usehd in urethane coatings than the untreated castor od (87). Other castor derivatives used to prepare urethanes are amides prepared by reaction of castor od and alkanolamines, amides of ricinoleic acid with long-chain di- and triamines, and butanediol diricinoleate (88,89). 

It seems reasonable that polyester cyclics could be prepared by an extension of the /wendo-high-dilution [17] chemistry used for the preparation of cyclic carbonate oligomers [18, 19] however, such proved not to be the case. Brunelle et al. showed that the reaction of terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) with diols such as 1,4-butanediol did not occur quickly enough to prevent concentration of acid chlorides from building up during condensation [14]. Even slow addition of equimolar amounts of TPC and butanediol to an amine base (triethylamine, pyridine or dimethylaminopyridine) under anhydrous conditions did not form cyclic oligomers. (The products were identified by comparison to authentic materials isolated from commercial PBT by the method of Wick and Zeitler [9].)... 

To investigate the desorption characteristics of water and butanediol several differential thermal analyses (DTA) were performed on samples of Z500 and Z200H that had been previously saturated with water, butanediol, or both. Other samples that had been regenerated by a variety of techniques were also studied. Table I summarizes the results obtained from this work. Z200H was examined, in part, to determine if, in fact, there was significant adsorption of both components. 

Figure 4 also shows the DTA curve from water and butanediol adsorbed on Z200H. In addition to the water endotherm at approximately 160-170°C, the small endotherm at 230°C and the exotherm at 310°c, there is also a second endotherm at 520°C and a small endo-... 

Merchuk et al. [276] investigated the dynamics of oxygen electrodes when analyzing mass transfer, and they reported whether and when an instantaneous response occurs. A semiempirical description of diffusion coefficients was provided by Ju and Ho [198]. Bacillus subtilis cultures change the product concentration ratio between acetoin and butanediol rapidly in the range of p02 =80-90 ppb [286]. This fact could be used for the characterization of the oxygen transport capabilities of bioreactors. 

In this chapter we investigate the morphology of a series of polyurethanes based on polycaprolactone polyol (PCP), diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), and butanediol (BDO). Samples of as-batch-reacted and solution-cast polymers were examined by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron and x-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Our interest is to provide a mapping of the size and shape of the domains (and any superstructure such as spherulites) and the degree of order as a function of the fraction of each phase present. 

This phenomenon has recently been analyzed by studying the oxidation of ethanol at ZnS-particles [187, 189]. As already discussed above (Sect. 5.2.), the oxidation of ethanol occurs in two steps, i.e. in the first step, a radical is formed by hole transfer at the surface of an individual particle. Since it takes in the average several milliseconds before another hole is generated by photon absorption in the same individual 3 nm-particle, the radical can diffuse into the solution. There, the radicals can disproportionate and dimerize according to Eqs. (90a) and (90b) leading to the formation of acetoaldehyde and butanediol, respectively, as proved with 3 nm ZnS-particles. Performing the same experiment with much larger particles (4/im), no butanediol was found [187, 189]. Since the time interval between the absorption of two photons in one particle is... 

Recovery of acetone and butanediol from fermentation broth... 

Dettwiller B, Dunn IJ, and Prenosil JE. Bioproduction of acetoin and butanediol Product recovery by pervaporation. In Bakish. R., ed., Proceedings of the 5th International Conference. Pervaporation Process in the Chemical Industry. Englewood, NJ Bakish Material Corporation, 1991 308-318. 

The thermal stability of this polymer has been studied, and by heating from ambient to 500° C the polymer generates butadiene, tetrahydrofuran, dihydrofuran, water, the cyclic ester of phenylphosphonic acid and 1,4-butanediol, phenylphosphonic acid, and butanediol [1]. The same report evaluates thermal decomposition of this polymer end capped with phenylisocyanate. In addition to the same compounds as for the main polymer, CO2 and aniline were detected from the polymer decomposition. 

As seen in the above, NAD works as the coenzyme in glucose metabolism, therefore, NADH has to be re-oxidized to NAD to support continued glucose oxidation. Anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridia re-oxidizes NADH by producing organic acids like lactate, acetate and butyrate as well as alcohols like ethanol, butanol and butanediol, from pyruvate. Many bacteria have multiple metabolic pathways, and change the pathway in accordance with metabolite availability and/or pH in the culture liquid. Therefore, in general, it is very... 

Multicopy plasmids containing the Z. mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase gene was inserted into K. planticola. The transformant was shown to produce 31.6 g/1 ethanol from a mixture of sugars (79.6 g/1) that included xylose [102]. The yield of acids (formic, acetic, lactic) and butanediol was reduced significantly. 

Approximately 65% of the PO produced is used for the synthesis of polyether polyols (in a reaction with polyhydric alcohols), one of the main components used in the manufacture of polyurethanes, propene glycol (20%), glycol ethers (5%) and butanediol, amongst others. Figure 6.1 shows an overview of the PO industry. 

Oxidative dehydrogenation of butanediol on the selected vanadium-magnesium catalysts allowed to reduce the reaction temperature of butadion synthesis by about 100°C. The reaction was studied in the temperature range of 160 - 350°C at LHSV-equal to 1 h" and butanediol oxygen molar ratio equal to 1 1 (Table 2). Already at 250°C more than 85% of butanediol was converted. 

Sila propanediol derivatives (15,16), and butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol and heptanediol derivatives (17,18, 21, 22) (Table 11.1-17) have also been prepared. 

A sensitive method for the detection and separation of micro quantities of cyclic acetals of sugars by means of gas-liquid, partition chromatography has been described by Jones and coworkers. The column packing consisted of an intimate mixture of Apiezon M grease on Cromosorb W and butanediol succinate polyester on Cromosorb W, which was packed on top of a column of SE-30 methylsilicone polymer and glass beads. The column temperatme was maintained at 200°. Some cyclic acetals of sugars have been fractionated by gas-liquid chromatography as their (trimethyl-silyl) ethers. These derivatives are conveniently prepared and the method is especially suited to the less volatile monoacetals. 

Owing to metal chlorides titration by the coulometric method, and carboxylic acid titration by the potentiometric method, it is possible to follow the metal soaps consumption during thermomechanical heat treatments. This new technique provides a better understanding of the stabilization mechanisms of PVC with the calciumr-zinc system, and offers a better explanation of synergistic effects between metal soaps and secondary stabilizers such as epoxidized soya-bean oil, a-phenylindole, and butanediol-p-aminocroto-nate. The influence of these last stabilizers on zinc chloride formation enables us to classify them into short- and longterm stabilizers. 

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