Secondary caries

Hicks, M. J., Flaitz, C. M. Silverstone, L. M. (1986). Secondary caries formation in vitro around glass ionomer restorations. Quintessence International, 17, 527-32. 

Mjor, I. A. (1985). Frequency of secondary caries at various anatomical locations. Operative Dentistry, 10, 88-92. 

Another biological disadvantage is that dental silicate cement does not bond to tooth material, and harmful substances and bacteria can percolate between it and the tooth, giving rise to secondary caries and pulpal irritation (Going, Massler Dute, 1960). These effects are magnified when dissolution of the cement occurs. 

Hals, E. (1975). Histology of natural secondary caries associated with silicate cement restorations. Archives of Oral Biology, 20, 291-6. 

J. Hicks, F. Garcia-Godoy, K. Donly, C. Flaitz, Fluoride-releasing restorative materials and secondary caries, J. Calif. Dent. Assoc. 31 (2003) 229-245. 

E.A.M. Kidd, S. Johnston-Bechal, D. Beighton, Diagnosis of secondary caries A laboratory study, Br. Dent. J. 176 (1994) 135-139. 

I.A. Mjor, The location of clinically diagnosed secondary caries. Quintessence Int. 29 (1998) 313-317. 

I.A. Mjor, Glass-ionomer cement restorations and secondary caries A preliminary report. Quintessence Int. 27 (1996) 171-174. 

J. Arends, G.E.H.M. Dijkmann, A.G. Dijkman, Review of fluoride release and secondary caries reduction by fluoridating composites, Adv. Dent. Res. 9 (1995) 367-376. 

J. Arends, J. Ruben, A.G. Dijkman, The effect of fluoride release from a fluoride-containing composite resin on secondary caries An in vitro study, Quintessence Int. 21 (1990) 671-674. 

Dental repair materials face the problem that the dentin below the composite fillings is actively decomposed by secondary caries and extracellular proteases. To address this problem, poly(2-methyloxazoline), which contains a biocidal and polymerisable terminal, will be explored as an additive for a commercial dental adhesive. 

Several different types of dental caries have been described by clinicians. Specifically these are smooth-surface caries, pit and fissure caries, enamel caries, dentinal caries, secondary caries, early childhood caries and root caries [12], All occur by the same essential mechanism, as described above, and all arise as a consequence of a disturbance to the demineralization-remineralization balance. Attack by organic acids produced by bacteria in the plaque favours demineralization, but the natural remineralization processes of the mouth can reverse this. Certain dietary and hygiene behaviours as well as clinical treatments can enhance this natural remineralization provided they occur early enough in the demineralization part of the process. For example, complexes of casein phosphopeptide with amorphous calcium phosphate have been shown in various studies to be capable of enhancing the remineralization step under certain conditions and in specific groups of individuals [16,17]. These are now available commercially as an anticaries treatment for patients. 

The ability to exchange ions with the surroundings also applies to the solid tooth. As will be described in more detail in Section 5.9, at the interface between the glass-ionomer cement and the tooth surface, an ion-exchange layer develops, due to diffusion of ions from each surface. The result is a distinctive structure that can be viewed under the scanning electron microscope, and which results from the mobility of key ions [120]. This ion-rich layer seems to be very resistant to acid attack, and secondary caries is very rarely observed around glass-ionomer restorations. 

Nano-Structural integration apatite Reduced risk of secondary caries... 

Color Smoothness and gloss Shape Discoloration Aperture Secondary caries... 

Randal, R. C. Wilson, N. H. Glass ionomer restoratives a systematic review of a secondary caries effect. J. Dent Res. 1999 78, 628-637. 

A variety of sealants have been explored or developed (168), with many people having one or more applications of a sealant. Sealants are vital for promotion of adhesion, which significantly reduces caries formation (169-177). Pit and fissure sealants are covered under the American Dental Association (ADA) Acceptance Program. These materials are used to seal high caries-susceptible pits and fissures of the deciduous and permanent molars, and also to seal microspaces between the tooth and restorative materials, enabling these materials to adhere firmly both to prepared cavity walls and to other restoratives. They provide dental pulp protection and protection from secondary caries formation. 

Most dental sealants are resinous materials derived from free-radical polymerizable monomers, but GI dental cements (discussed earher) also have some use as sealants. Sealing with resinous materials or GIs is part of modem preventive technology, where the sealants used for this piupose are called preventive dental sealants (PDS). Dental caries that occiu- aroimd restorations are called secondary caries. Sealing the microspaces with adhesive resinous materials is effective in controlling secondary caries here we call these adhesive materials the restorative dental sealants. 

Ihe quest for interactive or bioactive dental restorative materials is not a totally new endeavor in dental materials. For example, as a general concept, glass ionomer cements (GICs) have been endorsed as a bioactive material because of their dynamic release of fluoride, as well as their unique mineral-based poly-salt matrix composition that is claimed to also contribute to the ability to remineralize calcium-depleted tooth structure. The continuous release of fluoride by GICs and resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGIs) has also been positioned as a potential mechanism to delay or inhibit secondary caries at teeth restored with these materials at the margins of the restorations [47,48]. 

It is estimated that resin composite restorations have a service life of 6-7 years, which is far less than half of the service life of dental amalgam. The main reason for replacement of direct adhesive resin composite restorations is secondary caries. Therefore failures at the interface has, to a great extent, inspired development of novel strategies to reduce degradation of the resin-tooth interface. Limitations within the material and intrinsic properties of the dentin have... 

Over the years, resin based restorative materials have been the focus of a great deal of research, being drastically improved by manufactures, particularly with respect to aesthetic quality and mechanical behavior. Despite great improvements, failure and replacement of dental composite restorations continue to have great impact on clinical outcomes [46]. For instance, restorative composites still present a number of drawbacks, like wear, lack of a consistent degree of conversion, fracture and secondary caries [47,48]. 

Due to the high frequency of recurrent caries after restorative treatments, much attention has been given to the therapeutic effects manifested by direct restorative materials. Restorative composites have demonstrated to accumulate more biofilm over time, when compared to enamel and other restorative materials, thus favoring the development of recurrent caries around these restorations [54]. Therefore, in an attempt to control or even prevent secondary caries, alternative clinical methods for caries prevention have been proposed including the search for new restorative materials with antibacterial activity. 

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