Anaerobic proteins

In the presence of air, the roots, coleoptile, mesocotyl, endosperm, scutellum, and anther wall of maize synthesise a tissue-specific spectrum of polypeptides. The scutellum and endosperm of the immature kernel synthesise many or all of the ANPs constitutively, along with many other proteins under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions all of the above organs selectively synthesise only the ANPs. Moreover, except for a few characteristic qualitative and quantitative differences, the patterns of anaerobic protein synthesis in these diverse organs are remarkably similar (Okimoto et al., 1980). On the other hand, maize leaves, which have emerged from the coleoptile, do not incorporate labelled amino acids under anaerobic conditions and do not survive even a brief exposure to anaerobiosis (Okimoto et al., 1980). 

Freeling, M. (1986). The Shrunken gene on chromosome 9 of Zea mays L. is expressed in various plant tissue and encodes an anaerobic protein. Molecular and General Genetics 205, 461-8. 

Fifth ligand Sixth ligand Found in anaerobes Protein... 

Copper is required for all forms of aerobic and most forms of anaerobic life. In humans, the biological function of copper is related to the enzymatic action of specific essential copper proteins (66). Lack of these copper enzymes is considered a primary factor in cerebral degeneration, depigmentation, and arterial changes. Because of the abundance of copper in most human diets, chemically significant copper deficiency is extremely rare (67). 

Also, pilot plant and laboratory scale anaerobic studies have demonstrated successful treatment of wastewaters of 5,000 to 50,000 mg/L GOD from corn chips containing soluble and colloidal corn starch and protein, cheese whey, organic chemicals, food, bakeiy, breweiy, paper mill foul condensate, paint, and numerous other hazardous anci non-hazardous materials. 

Recovery of Riologieal Conversion Products Biological conversion produces that can be derived from solid wastes include compost, methane, various proteins and alcohols, and a variety of other intermediate organic compounds. The principal processes that have been used are reported in Table 25-64. Composting and anaerobic digestion, the two most highly developed processes, are considered further. The recovery of gas from landfills is discussed in the portion of this sec tion dealing with ultimate disposal. 

The most ingenious exocytosis toxins, however, come from the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani. The former produces the seven botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) A-G the latter produces tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT). All eight toxins consist of a heavy (H) chain and a light (L) chain that are associated by an interchain S-S bond. The L-chains enter the cytosol of axon terminals. Importantly, BoNT L-chains mainly enter peripheral cholinergic terminals, whereas the TeNT L-chain mainly enters cerebral and spinal cord GABAergic and glycinergic terminals. The L-chains are the active domains of the toxins. They are zinc-endopeptidases and specifically split the three core proteins of exocytosis, i.e. the SNAREs (Fig. 1 inset). Each ofthe eight toxins splits a... 

Tetanus is a disease caused by the release of neurotoxins from the anaerobic, spore-forming rod Clostridium tetani. The clostridial protein, tetanus toxin, possesses a protease activity which selectively degrades the pre-synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin, resulting in a block of glycine and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from presynaptic terminals. Consistent with the loss of neurogenic motor inhibition, symptoms of tetanus include muscular rigidity and hyperreflexia. The clinical course is characterized by increased muscle tone and spasms, which first affect the masseter muscle and the muscles of the throat, neck and shoulders. Death occurs by respiratory failure or heart failure. 

The mode of action of metronidazole (Flagyl) is not well understood, but it is thought to disrupt DNA and protein syndiesis in susceptible organisms. This drug may be used in the treatment of serious infections, such as intraabdominal, bone, soft tissue, lower respiratory, gynecologic, and CNS infections caused by susceptible anaerobic (able to live without oxygen) microorganisms. 

HzS 0-40 pptv Biological decay of protein in anaerobic water Oxidation to SO2... 

CODH/ACS is an extremely oxygen-sensitive protein that has been found in anaerobic microbes. It also is one of the three known nickel iron-sulfur proteins. Some authors would consider that there are only two, since the CODH and ACS activities are tightly linked in many organisms. However, there is strong evidence that the ACS and CODH activities are associated with different protein subunits and the reactions that the two enzymes catalyze are quite different. CODH catalyzes a redox reaction and ACS catalyzes the nonredox condensation of a methyl group, a carbonyl group, and an organic thiol (coenzyme A). 

Formate dehydrogenases are a diverse group of enzymes found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, capable of converting formate to CO2. Formate dehydrogenases from anaerobic microorganisms are, in most cases, Mo- or W- containing iron-sulfur proteins and additionally flavin or hemes. Selenium cysteine is a Mo- ligand. 

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