An Historical Perspective

Recent progress has followed the reduction and, in some cases, the elimination of these barriers. Thus methods of preparing well 

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Fragola, J. R. 1996 Reliability and Risk Analysis Data Base Development an historical perspective. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 51, 125-136. 

Tanner, R.I. and Walters, K. (1998) Rheology An Historical Perspective (Elsevier Amsterdam). 

Fig. 2. An historical perspective of values of a few particle properties tabulated in this Review as a function of date of publication of the Review. A full error bar indicates the quoted error a thick-lined portion indicates the same but without the scale factor. ...

Richmond, C.R. 1989. Transfer of radionuclides to animals — an historical perspective of work done in the United States. Sci. Total Environ. 85 1-15. 

This chapter is an historical perspective with selected examples from our own laboratory, first at the University of Munich, and now at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry in Halle, that reflect the changes in how we define and exploit sequence-based approaches to alkaloid biosynthesis gene identification. ... 

This chapter describes, from an historic perspective, the development of ligands and catalysts for enantioselective hydrogenations of alkenes. There is no in-depth discussion of the many ligands available as the following chapters describe many of these, as well as their specific applications. The purpose here is to provide an overall summary and perspective of the area. By necessity, a large number of catalyst systems have not been mentioned. The discussion is also limited to the reductions of carbon-carbon unsaturation. In almost all cases, rhodium is the transition metal to catalyze this type of reduction. In order to help the reader, the year of the first publication in a journal has been included in parentheses under each structure. 

Flanigen, E.M. (2001). Zeolites and molecular sieves. An historical perspective, in Introduction to Zeolite Science and Practice, 2nd edn (eds H. Van Bekkum, E.M. Flanigen, P.A. Jacobs, and J.C. Jensen), Stud. Surf. Sd. Catal., vol. 137, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 11-35. Some content was reprinted from this review with permission of Elsevier. 

Hamling, P. Hamling, B. H. Zirconia Battery Separators—An historical perspective and development update. Proceedings of the 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications Advances, IEEE New York, 1996 p 15. 

Davin L, Lewis NG (2003) An historical perspective on lignan biosynthesis monolignol,... 

Nakanishi K. (1999) An historical perspective of natural products chemistry. In Ushio S. (ed). Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry, 1 p. 23, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam. 

Several recent reviews can provide the reader with an historical perspective and information about additional applications of chemical ionization mass spectrometry. (7-10) Under normal conditions, electron impact mass spectrometry is carried out by bombarding sample molecules with 70 eV electrons in a mass spectrometer ion source... 

Parascandola J Dinitrophenol and bioenergetics An historical perspective. Mol Cell Biochem 5 69-77, 1974... 

Smokers have been found to be at increased risk of sensitization by platinum salts. An historical perspective cohort study of 91 platinum refinery workers showed a four- to fivefold risk of developing a positive skin test to platinum salts in smokers. The risk of smokers developing symptoms was approximately twofold, and, among recent employees, the rate of development of a positive skin test result was faster in smokers versus nonsmokers. Smoking is thought to act by increasing the serum levels of IgE. In another report, 78 newly hired refinery workers were followed for 24 months platinum salt sensitivity developed in 41% of the new hires. Smoking was found to increase the risk of platinum salt sensitivity... 

Lebwohl D, Canetta R. Clinical development of platinum complexes in cancer therapy an historical perspective and an update. EurJ Cancer 1998 34 1522-1534. 

Grigg, D. 1989. English Agriculture An Historical Perspective. Blackwell, Oxford. 

Academic chemical engineering in an historical perspective. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund. 16, 1-5 (1977). 

T.P. O Brien, Cereal Structure An Historical Perspective. In New Frontiers in Food Structure, D.B. Bechtel (ed.), American Association of Cereal Chemists, SL Paul MN, (1983), pp3-26. 

Finally, it is understood that the reader is aware of the basic principles of solution chemistry of lanthanides and actinides. Besides all the information published in the previous issues of this Handbook for lanthanides, excellent reviews exist on these topics, either on a general (Katz et al., 1986 Biinzli and Choppin, 1989 Grenthe, 1992 Choppin, 1997 Biinzli, 1998) or an historical perspective (Morss and Fuger, 1992). 

Libby, W.F. (1982) Nuclear dating. In An Historical Perspective (Currie, L.A, ed.), pp. 516, Nuclear and Chemical Dating Techniques. American Chemical Society Symposium Series, Washington, DC. 

Organometallic chemistry has witnessed an exponential growth in the past half decade, and today is represented at its frontiers by the second edition of a multivolume text, two major journals and a plethora of monographs. Helmut Werner, a pioneer who has contributed extensively to the field, now offers us a personal view of important areas of transition metal chemistry. It is unusual in that it provides an historical perspective on some of the more significant developments in this area. He writes both with a great generosity of spirit and an obvious love of the subject. It is evident that both for him, and now his readers, it is not only the science, but also its protagonists, that are the focus of much attention. 

Davin, F.B. and Fewis, N.G. (2003) An historical perspective on lignan biosynthesis monolignol, allylphenol and hydroxycinnamic acid coupling and downstream metabolism. Phytochemistry Rev., 2, 257-88. 

Menzies M. A. (1990b) Petrology and geochemistry of the continental mantle an historical perspective. In Continental Mantle (ed. M. A. Menzies). Clarendon press, Oxford, pp. 31-54. 

Colter BS, Seligsohn U, Peretz H, Newman PJ Glanzmann thrombasthenia New insights fiom an historical perspective. Seminars in Hematol 31 301-311,1994. 

These natural products have each been synthesized via several routes and by different research groups. To provide an historical perspective, we have selected compounds that were synthesized in different decades, allowing for comparison of early synthetic approaches with modern ones. With your exposure to modern organic... 

An historical perspective of the iron bacteria has been given and over the years geomicrobiologists have studied a variety of bacteria concerned with iron transformations. The absence of pure culture techniques and modern technical sophistication has prevented the clear elucidation of those organisms attacking iron for use as a major nutrient. It is remarkable that it took from 1888, when the concept of chemoautotrophy was advanced by Winogradsky, until 1950 before the existence of a bacterium which is able to grow at the expense of ferrous iron oxidation was unequally demonstrated (Colmer et al., 1950). 

This entry presents a discussion of the principles of respiratory toxicology including (1) an historical perspective, (2) approaches used to evaluate respiratory responses to inhaled chemicals, (3) classification of airborne chemicals, (4) concepts of dose-time relationships, (5) factors influencing toxicity of airborne substances, (6) the basic biology of the respiratory system with emphasis on those structures and functions that are involved in toxicological responses, (7) biomarkers of pulmonary effects, (8) toxicological response associated with inhaled chemicals, and (9) assessing the human risk of airborne chemicals. 

Rudd B. Growth, growth hormone and the somatomedins An historical perspective and current concepts. Ann Clin Biochem 1991 28 542-55. 

From an historical perspective, it is interesting to note that there are subsequent references to bump formation or superleveling in the former-Soviet literature, although no mechanistic explanation of the phenomena was offered [317-319]. The observation of bumps above filled features was also the first indication that leveling models could not explain superfilling of sub-micrometer features in the Damascene copper process [333-335], Driven by this observation the area change mechanism [66-68] was rediscovered in 2000-2001 by researchers as the CEAC mecha-... 

The scientific basis for development and clinical usage of drugs for children, with some notable exceptions, lags sadly behind that in adults. There are a number of reasons for this, the most important of which are lack of commercial incentive, practical and ethical diflBculties in trial conduct, and an historical perspective that children are small adults . There are two significant consequences first, there has been a lag phase before medicines with suitable indications used in adults become available... 

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