Respiratory Toxicology

Evans, M.J. (1982). Cell death and cell renewal in small airways and alveoli. In Mechanisms in Respiratory Toxicology, Vol. 1. (Witschi, H. and Nettesheim, P., Eds.). CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 189-218. 

Witschi, H.P and Nettesheim, P. (1982). Mechanisms in Respiratory Toxicology, Vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

This entry presents a discussion of the principles of respiratory toxicology including (1) an historical perspective, (2) approaches used to evaluate respiratory responses to inhaled chemicals, (3) classification of airborne chemicals, (4) concepts of dose-time relationships, (5) factors influencing toxicity of airborne substances, (6) the basic biology of the respiratory system with emphasis on those structures and functions that are involved in toxicological responses, (7) biomarkers of pulmonary effects, (8) toxicological response associated with inhaled chemicals, and (9) assessing the human risk of airborne chemicals. 

Raabe G. In Witschi H, Neltesheim P, eds. Mechanisms in Respiratory Toxicology. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 1982 27-76. 

V. J. Lawson, G. W. Fanucchi, M. V Van, W. L. S. Kendall, L. V Plopper, C. G. Detection of viral infection in the respiratory tract of virus antibody free mice advantages of high-resolution imaging for respiratory toxicology. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2003, 190, 286-293. 

Benson JM, Zelikoff JT. Respiratory toxicology of metals. In Chang LW, ed. Toxicology of Metals. New York Lewis Publishers, 1996 929-937. 

Health and Safety Factors, Toxicology. Phosphoms trichloride severely bums skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Contaminated clothing must be removed immediately. Vapors from minor inhalation exposure can cause delayed onset of severe respiratory symptoms after 2—24 h, depending on the degree of exposure. Delayed, massive, or acute pulmonary edema and death can develop as consequences of inhalation exposure. 

Other toxicological effects that may be associated with exposure to benzyl chloride based on animal studies are skin sensitization and developmental embryo and/or fetal toxicity. A 1980 OSHA regulation has estabhshed a national occupational exposure limit for benzyl chloride of 5 mg/m (1 ppm). Concentrations of 160 mg/m (32 ppm) in air cause severe irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract (68). 

Kimber, I. (1997) Toxicology of Chemical Respiratory Hypersensitivity, Taylor and Francis, London. 

If tlie pollutant causes iui acute non carcinogenic risk, tlie inaximuin one hour concentration is used for C, and tlie acute reference exposure limit is used for tlie REL. Likewise, if tlie pollutant causes a clironic non carcinogenic risk, tlie one year average concentration is used, as is tlie clironic reference exposure limit. In tliis procedure, a Iiazard index is calculated for each pollutant separately, and tlien tlie indices are summed for each toxicological endpoint (i.e., tlie respiratory system, tlie central nervous system, etc.). Finally, tlie total hazard index is tlien compared to a value wliich is considered significant. 

Consideration of hygiene (toxicological, dermatological and respiratory effects) ... 

Raymond Guilmette, Ph.D., Manager, Radiation Toxicology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM... 

Muller, J. et al. (2005) Respiratory toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,... 

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