Cerebral malaria

Soumita Ghosh is a postdoctoral researcher in the Diabetes section in National Institute on Aging, Baltimore. She is involved in developing targeted proteomics technique for cannabinoid proteins. During her PhD., she worked in field of NMR metabolomics of murine cerebral malaria. She obtained her doctoral degree from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 2013. She obtained her MSc from IIT Kharagpur in 2008 and BSc from Calcutta university in 2006. 

Artemisia species have been used for many centuries to treat fevers and malaria, specifically cerebral malaria. They produce the sesquiter-penoid endoperoxide artemisinin (1), which accumulates in leaves and... 

V. Cinchona alkaloids Quinine (as suiphate) 600 mg/day, oral TDS or 10 mg/kg with 5% glucose IV infusion TDS (for cerebral malaria) for 7 days... 

Artesunate (FALCiGO) 100 mg BD on 1st day, followed by 50 mg BD for next four days (for cerebral malaria, chloroquine-resistant malaria P. falciparum malaria). 

It is used in multiresistant P. falciparum malaria. It is not useful in complicated/ cerebral malaria. 

It is used in the treatment of cerebral falciparum malaria and multidrug resistant strains of cerebral malaria. It is also used along with clindamycin in the treatment of babesiosis. It is also effective in myotonia congenita and nocturnal muscle cramps. 

It is used in the treatment of chloroquine resistant malaria and cerebral malaria. 

Artemisia annua L. A. apiacea Hance ex Walpers Qing Guo (Stinking artemisia) (aerial part) Dihydroartemisinin, artesunate, artemisinin, chloroquine, flavonoids, sesquiterpene.33-269-476 This herb is mildly toxic. A schizonticidal agent, antimalarial, treat infections of multidrug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the cause of human malignant cerebral malaria. 

Koch, O., A. Awomoyi, S. Usen, M. JaUow, A. Richardson, J. Hull, M. Finder, M. Newport, and D. Kwiatkowski. 2002. IFNGRl Gene Promoter Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Cerebral Malaria./ourwaZ of Infectious Diseases 185 1684-1687. 

Gordeuk. V. et at F.ffect ol Irnn Chelation Therapy oil Recovery front Deep Coma in Children until Cerebral Malaria.", V, Eng.. 1. Med. 14711 November 19, 19921. Gordeuk. V.. et al. Iron Overload in Alrieti — Interaction between a Gene and Dietary Iron Content.", V. Eng. J. Med., 95 tJanuarx 9, 1992 t. 

In a different study, Combes et al. has demonstrated an increase in CD51+ EMP in pediatric patients with uncomplicated malaria, cerebral malaria, and severe malaria with and without coma [86], EMPs were elevated on admission in patients with cerebral malaria over controls or uncomplicated malaria, decreasing on follow-up. Severe malaria patients presenting with coma... 

CO prevents the development of experimental cerebral malaria in mice [21],... 

A 7-year-old Indian boy was diagnosed as having cerebral malaria and received quinine followed by mefloquine (dose not given) (500). He developed hallucinations and removed his clothes and danced. His symptoms resolved within 24 hours of stopping mefloquine. This case highlights the fact that mefloquine should not be given after quinine in cases of severe malaria. 

Sliwa K, Grundmann HJ, Neifer S, Chaves MF, Sahlmuller G, Blitstein-Willinger E, Bienzle U, Kremsner PG. Prevention of murine cerebral malaria by a stable prostacycUn analog. Infect. Immun. 1991 59 3846-3848. 

Kumar CA, Das UN. Lipid peroxides, nitric oxide and essential fatty acids in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Eatty Acids 1999 61 255-258. Xiao L, Patterson PS, Yang C, Lai AA. Role of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1999 60 668-673. 

P. falciparum is the most dangerous of the four malaria strains, and can kill a healthy adult in 48 hours. This type is so dangerous because the parasitized red blood cells become sequestered in the deep vascular beds of the brain—Whence the term cerebral malaria for infection with this strain. Sequestration happens because parasite-derived proteins on the surface of infected red blood cells cause them to stick to each other and to the cells lining the host s venules and capillaries (two types of small blood vessel), especially in the brain and heart. This has the effect of keeping the parasite away from the host s natural defense system. It also means that the progress of the disease can be hidden from a health practitioner who draws blood from a peripheral body region (for example, the arm) such blood will not reveal the true extent of the infection. Delirium, convulsions, and coma are features of falciparum malaria, which is associated with a 20% mortality rate in adults. 

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