Ammunition, types

A specific ammunition type was examined to determine the total mercury content. Results are given in Table 22.4. 

Requirements for acceptable level of pistol and ammunition safety risk have to be adjusted in safety analyses of concrete pistol and ammunition types. They should also be critically evaluated with regard to ... 

Its alloys include solder, type metal, and various antifriction metals. Great quantities of lead, both as the metal and as the dioxide, are used in storage batteries. Much metal also goes into cable covering, plumbing, ammunition, and in the manufacture of lead tetraethyl. 

Arsenic added ia amounts of 0.1—3% improves the properties of lead-base babbitt alloys used for beatings (see Bearing materials). Arsenic (up to 0.75%), has been added to type metal to increase hardness and castabiUty (21). Addition of arsenic (0.1%) produces a desirable fine-grain effect in electrotype metal without appreciably affecting the hardness or ductihty. Arsenic (0.5—2%) improves the sphericity of lead ammunition. Automotive body solder of the composition 92% Pb, 5.0% Sb, and 2.5% Sn, contains 0.50% arsenic (see Solders and brazing alloys). 

The main use of elemental As is in alloys with Pb and to a lesser extent Cu. Addition of small concentrations of As improves die properties of Pb/Sb for storage batteries (see below ), up to 0.75% improves the hardness and castabilily of type metal, and 0 5-2.0% improves the sphericity of Pb ammunition. Automotive body solder is Pb (92%),, Sb (5 0%), Sn (2.5%) and As (0.5%). Intcrnxitallic compounds with Al, Ga and In give the 111-V semiconductors (p 255) of which GaAs and InAs are of particular value for light-emitting diodes (LEDs), tunnel diodes, infrared emitters, laser windows and Hall-effect devices (p. 258). 

Model Designations. In order to identify a particular ammunition design in the USA, a model designation is assigned at the time the model is classified as an adopted type. This model designation becomes an essential part of the standard nomenclature and is included in the marking on the item... 

Sb and Ba Collected by the Electrostatic Precipitator for Four Common Types of 0.22 Cal Ammunition. (from Ref 17) ... 

Another weapon system which was developed and engineered for production by the Arsenal for Southeast Asia was Beehive ammunition of varying calibers which dispense great numbers of tiny, lethal steel darts. This type of ammunition proved effective in Southeast Asia since it lends itself to use against troops in frontal mass assault as well as those entrenched behind the cover of heavy jungle brush... 

Inaccuracy of rubber bullets and improper aiming and range of use resulted in severe injury and death in a substantial number of people. This type of ammunition therefore should not be considered a safe method of crowd control. ... 

The domestic use pattern for lead in 1990 was as follows lead-acid storage batteries, used for motor vehicles, motive power, and emergency back-up power, accounted for 80% of total lead consumption ammunition, bearing metals, brass and bronze, cable covering, extruded products, sheet lead, and solder, represented 12.4% the remaining 7.6% was used for ceramics, type metal, ballast or weights, tubes or containers, oxides, and gasoline additives (USDOC 1992). 

The smallest common rifle is of 0-22 in (0-56 cm) calibre as used for target shooting. The weapons themselves have barrels which are neither particularly short, nor with any noteworthy restrictions on strength. On the other hand, the ammunition is of a particular type known as rimfire, as illustrated in Fig. 19.2. The name comes from the method of firing which is... 

For onsite analysis, the examination of the vast number of samples necessitates the use of quick, reliable, field portable equipment that can rapidly, quantitatively verify the many chemically different types of ammunition, explosives, and pyrotechnics. The most common suite of analytes to detect is large, consisting of very chemically different compounds and usually occurs at trace levels in complex environmental matrices. This suite encompasses smokeless powders, black powders, and numerous propellant and energetic formulations. Detection should also be sought for common decomposition products of these explosives such as the methylanalines, aminonitrotoluenes, nitrotoluenes, mono- and dinitoroglycerines, and the nitrobenzenes under on-site conditions. 

The test plan that was executed at Holston Army Ammunition Plant (HAAP) demonstrated that the hydrolysis process for the energetic materials of interest successfully destroyed more than 99.7 percent of the energetics treated. Over 9,500 pounds of energetic materials were destroyed while encountering only the types of problems normally expected during the implementation of a new facility and process. The suite of tests performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and at HAAP covered a range of reaction temperatures and caustic concentrations. Under all these conditions, the destruction of energetics was carried out safely and effectively. 

Attend a review of the energetics hydrolysis testing planned for Holston Army Ammunition Plant. Tour facility and observe operations. Holston is a major site for hydrolysis testing of many different types of energetic materials. 

At present, lead is used for production of accumulators, petrol, crystal glass, matches, paints, pesticides, and printing types, hunting ammunition (with arsenic), and anti-corrosive coatings. It is also used in the chemical. 

A field test for the detection of TNT in contaminated soils (e.g., near ammunition plants) was based on the color reaction between TNT and alkalis (the Janowski reaction [7]) [26]. A few milligrams of the suspected soil are placed on filter paper and sprayed with 1 M NaOH acetone (1 1). A red color indicates the possible presence of TNT. Detection limits were reported to be 2-50 mg of TNT per 1 kg of soil, depending on the type of soil. The same group [55] used the oxidation of DPA in concentrated H2SO4 as the basis of a field test for nitrate esters and nitramines in soil. 

Several silver compounds are extremely explosive—for example, silver picrate, silver nitride, silver peroxide, silver perchlorate, and silver permanganate. They are used in various types of explosives and as concussion caps for rifle and pistol ammunition. 

Should some types of ammunition be banned, such as armor-piercing or cop-killer bullets ... 

According to the vendor, a government-sponsored study concluded that cryofracture could reduce the cost of disposal of munitions when compared with processes that require disassembly of the munitions. The current U.S. demilitarization process uses a sensitive reverse-assembly process requiring custom-designed machinery to disassemble each type of weapon. The cryofracture process simply freezes and crushes the ammunitions (D151980). 

The complete round (cartridge) of small arms ammunition (except for the shotgun), employing one of the center-fire obturated type primers is represented in Fig 32... 

Cj) Description of Various Types of Artillery Ammunition Showing the Location and Function of Primer-Igniters and of Projectiles... 

Electric Primer. This type is fired by the heat generated when an electric current passes thru a resistance wire or conductive primer mixture embedded in a primer compn. It was formerly used in harbor defense and railroad artillery ammunition (Ref 15, p 117), but is... 

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