Hydrolysis test for

Hydrolysis Test for Nitrocelluloses. The following hydrolysis test was developed and is used at Picatinny Arsenal... 

The ERH tests consisted of rate-of-hydrolysis tests for the following feed materials ... 

If a given unknown containing indifferent nitrogen is a colorless compound, it is advisable to apply first the hydrolysis test for Subgroup B. On the other hand, colored compounds should be subjected to reduction tests before resorting to those involving hydrolysis. Often a combination of the two tests is advisable, alkaline hydrolysis being resorted to when no definite results are obtained by acid hydrolysis. 

Most chlorine-containing compounds can be converted to give chloride ions, for example covalent chlorides by hydrolysis, chlorates by reduction. The chloride ion is then tested for thus ... 

Hydrolysis by acids. Place 15 ml. of starch solution in a boiling-tube, add I ml. of cone. HCl, mix well and place in a boiling water-bath for 20 minutes. Cool and add 2 drops of iodine solution to i ml. of the solution no blue coloration is produced. On the remainder, perform tests for glucose in particular show that glucosazone can be formed. Neutralise the excess of acid before carrying out these tests. (Note that a more concentrated acid is required to hydrolyse starch than to hydrolyse the disaccharides, such as sucrose.)... 

Supercritical fluid solvents have been tested for reactive extractions of liquid and gaseous fuels from heavy oils, coal, oil shale, and biomass. In some cases the solvent participates in the reactions, as in the hydrolysis of coal and heavy oils with water. Related applications include conversion of cellulose to glucose in water, dehgnincation of wood with ammonia, and liquefaction of lignin in water. 

Arsine, AsHs, is formed when many As-containing compounds are reduced with nascent hydrogen and its decomposition on a heated glass surface to form a metallic mirror formed the basis of Marsh s test for the element. The low-temperature reduction of AsCls with LiAlH4 in diethyl ether solution gives good yields of the gas as does the dilute acid hydrolysis of many arsenides of electropositive elements (Na, Mg, Zn, etc.). Similar reactions yield stibine, e.g. ... 

The idea that dichlorocarbene is an intermediate in the basic hydrolysis of chloroform is now one hundred years old. It was first suggested by Geuther in 1862 to explain the formation of carbon monoxide, in addition to formate ions, in the reaction of chloroform (and similarly, bromoform) with alkali. At the end of the last century Nef interpreted several well-known reactions involving chloroform and a base in terms of the intermediate formation of dichlorocarbene. These reactions included the ring expansion of pyrroles to pyridines and of indoles to quinolines, as well as the Hofmann carbylamine test for primary amines and the Reimer-Tiemann formylation of phenols. 

Eor ionic liquids that do not mix completely with water (and which display sufficient hydrolysis stability), there is an easy test for acidic impurities. The ionic liquid is added to water and a pEf test of the aqueous phase is carried out. If the aqueous phase is acidic, the ionic liquid should be washed with water to the point where the washing water becomes neutral. Eor ionic liquids that mix completely with water we recommend a standardized, highly proton-sensitive test reaction to check for protic impurities. 

A or colorimetry Test for related substances by UV 20A Assay by hydrolysis rate... 

Although organosilanes appear to react slowly (if at all) with water alone, in the presence of acids or bases (e.g., alkali metal hydroxides), reactions to give a silanol and H2 are rapid, with bases being particularly powerful catalysts. The evolution of H2 in this type of reaction may be used as both a qualitative and a quantitative test for Si-H bonds, and the mechanism of the acid and the base hydrolysis has been discussed in detail (30,31). This hydrolytic method is not very common for the preparation of silanols that are to be isolated, because both acids and bases catalyze the condensation of silanols to siloxanes, and therefore, only compounds containing large substituents are conveniently made in this way. If an anhydrous alkali metal salt is used, a metal siloxide may be isolated and subsequently hydrolyzed to give the silanol [Eq. (10)] (32). 

These complexes anchored to a solid via a ligand have been tested for a number of reactions including the hydrogenation, hydroformylation, hydrosilylation, isomerization, dimerization, oligomerization, and polymerization of olefins carbonylation of methanol the water gas shift reaction and various oxidation and hydrolysis reactions (see later for some examples). In most cases, the characterization of the supported entities is very limited the surface reactions are often described on the basis of well-known chemistry, confirmed in some cases by spectroscopic data and elemental analysis. 

In related work a library of 1,458 peptide ligands and various metal salts was tested in hydrolysis reactions of (p-nitrophenyl)phosphates.35 An active substructure composed of polymer-bound histidine in combination with Eu3+ was identified by further dissecting the original hit structure. It needs to be pointed out that catalytically active polymer beads can also be tested for catalytic activity using IR-thermography. In a seminal paper this was demonstrated using 7,000 encoded polymer beads prepared by split-and-pool methods, specifically in the metal-free acylation of alcohols.36... 

The best catalyst for the hydrolysis of 186 and 187 was found to be 184Gd. This system increased the rate of hydrolysis 127-fold. Differences in the rates of hydrolysis were found for the different phosphate esters tested. In addition to investigating the hydrolysis of simple phosphate esters, the lanthanide complexes were tested for their ability to hydrolyze double stranded DNA. In this reaction, Compound 184Gd gave the best rate acceleration. 

Sequences 246 and 249 were tested for their ability to catalyze hydrolysis while in solution rather than while attached to a support. The Zr4 complex of sequence 246 was found to catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate ester 243b five times faster than the complex of peptide 249. Since the control complex 249 does not catalyze hydrolysis it appears that the small amount of catalysis that was observed was due to free zirconium metal (Scheme 29). 

The ester group is then hydrolysed, and the hydrolysis normally stops at the MePO(OH)2 stage. More vigorous conditions are required to rupture the Me—P bond. Thus the normal hydrolysis product of D.F.P. and of tabun, namely, phosphoric acid, will give a positive test with ammonium molybdate, whereas the product from sarin, namely, methylphosphonic acid, will not respond to this test. Vigorous reagents such as hot nitric acid and ammonium persulphate will break the C—P link and then a positive test for phosphate is obtained with ammonium molybdate. Sarin can be prepared in a variety of ways. Three... 

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