Ammonia carbon dioxide

Ammonium bicarbonate, also known as ammonium hydrogen carbonate or ammonium acid carbonate, is easily formed. However, it decomposes below its melting point, dissociating into ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water. If this process is carefully controlled, these compounds condense to reform ammonium bicarbonate. The vapor pressures of dry ammonium bicarbonate are shown below (7). (To convert kPa to mm Hg, multiply by 7.5.)... 

A.mmonia-Soda Process. Ammonium chloride is made as a by-product of the classic Solvay process, used to manufacture sodium carbonate (12,13) (see Alkali and chlorine products, sodium carbonate). The method iuvolves reaction of ammonia, carbon dioxide, and sodium chloride ia water... 

Other bicarbonates of considerable commercial importance are ammonium bicarbonate [1066-33-7] and potassium bicarbonate [298-14-6]. These compounds are decomposed by the oven heat, Hberating ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water to faciUtate leavening action. Their uses are limited to low moisture products such as cookies and crackers. 

Chromium is highly acid-resistant and is only attacked by hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and sulfuric acids. It is also resistant to other common corroding agents including acetone, alcohols, ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, foodstuffs, petroleum products, phenols, sodium hydroxide, and sulfur dioxide. 

Table 1 lA presents tabulations of the safety of important refrigerants, but this list does not include aU available refrigerants. Table 11-5 summarizes a limited list of comparative hazards to life of refrigerant gas and vapor. The current more applicable refrigerants from the m or manufacturers of the CFC and HCFC refrigerants and their azeotropes/ blends/mrxtures are included, but the list excludes the pure hydrocarbons such as propane, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methyl chloride and others, inorganics, ammonia, carbon dioxide, etc. See Table 11-6. The CFC compounds have a longer and more serious ozone depletion potential than the HCFC compounds, because these decompose at a much lower atmospheric level and have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes therefore, they do less damage to the ozone layer. Table 11-7 summarizes alternate refrigerants of the same classes as discussed previously. Table 11-8 correlates DuPont s SUVA refrigerant numbers to the corresponding ASHRAE numbers.

As feed systems usually contain copper alloys, the use of amines for their protection may seem somewhat strange as copper is prone to attack in ammonia/carbon dioxide/oxygen environments, with the formation of complex cupric or cuprous compounds. The requisite degree of protection can be achieved, however, by maintaining the concentrations strictly within the acceptable target range. 

NOTE It is important to distinguish between water in steam resulting from partial condensation of steam and that resulting from carryover of entrained BW. Even where steam does not contain measurable carryover from mechanical action, it may still contain volatile amines, ammonia, carbon dioxide, oxygen, sulfur gases, and silica. 

In the presence of sodium in liquid ammonia, carbon dioxide gives rise to a violent explosion when the unstable substance formed during the reaction is heated at a temperature of 90°C. The reaction is presumed to be the following ... 

Potentially very explosive, it may be handled and transferred by low temperature distillation. It should be stored at —25°C to prevent decomposition and formation of explosive polymers [1]. The critical pressure for explosion is 0.04 bar, but presence of 15-40% of diluents (acetylene, ammonia, carbon dioxide or nitrogen) will raise the critical pressure to 0.92 bar [2], Further data on attenuation by inert diluents of the explosive decomposition of the diyne are available [3], During investigation of the cause of a violent explosion in a plant for separation of higher acetylenes, the most important finding was to keep the concentration of 1,3-butadiyne below 12% in its mixtures. Methanol is a practical diluent [4], The use of butane (at 70 mol%) or other diluents to prevent explosion of 1,3-butadiyne when heated under pressure has been claimed [5], It polymerises rapidly above 0°C. 

Chemo-Trenn A process for absorbing ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other undesirable gases from coal gas by absorption in a warm solution of a salt of a weak organic acid such as sodium cresylate. Invented by H. Bahr at I.G. Farbenindustrie, Germany, in 1938. 

Single-stage chlorine refrigeration system (ammonia/carbon dioxide/chlorine) with no use of ozone-depleting chemicals. 

Cyanide metabolizes in the human body to thiocyanate, and its biodegradation products include ammonia, carbon dioxide, nitrate, or nitrogen (Richards and Shieh 1989). The detection of thiocyanate in body fluids may indicate cyanide exposure. Similarly, the amounts of cyanide degradation products formed in an environmental medium could be used to measure cyanide s biodegradation rate. A summary of methods for determining environmental degradation products is shown in Table 6-4. Suitable analytical methods are available to detect all of these compounds (Pettigrew and Fell 1973 Richards and Shieh 1989). 

Ninhydrin (triketohydrindene hydrate) reacts with an amino acid when heated under acidic conditions (pH 3-4) to produce ammonia, carbon dioxide and a blue-purple complex. This reaction forms the basis of many widely used methods (Figure 10.11). One mole of carbon dioxide is liberated from each mole of amino acid, exceptions being the dicarboxylic amino acids, which produce two moles of carbon dioxide, and the a-imino acids, proline and hydroxyproline, which do not produce carbon dioxide. Although this formed the basis of a gasometric technique, colorimetric methods are now the most common. 

Of the problems presented, correlation of the NH3-CO2-H2S-H2O system is most important. Data that might be used for direct empirical correlation of partial pressures or fugacities with total concentrations of ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide in the liquid are available for relatively limited ranges... 

The solubilities of ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide were obtained from binary data and expressed in terms of a Henry s constant for infinite dilution and an interaction parameter ... 

Table I. MOLAR VOLUMES OF AMMONIA, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN WATER...

Ammonia Carbon Dioxide Hydrogen Sulfide Nitrous Oxide... 

Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, and Hydrogen Sulphide," Rec. Trav. Chim, Pays-Bas, 1949, 8, 191-216. 

In a multicomponent aqueous system encountering ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide, the vapor phase contains molecules of only five different species, e.g. NH3, CO2, H2S, SO2 and H20, while in the liquid phase 15 different species are present besides the molecular species also 10 ionic spe-... 

Volatile weak electrolytes, such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrohydrogen sulfide are of great interest in hydrometallurgy. The vapor-liquid... 

Several computer-based techniques have been developed for more specific applications. Truesdell (45) describes a computer program for calculating equilibrium distributions in natural water systems, given concentrations and pH. Edwards, et al. (31, Z2) have developed computer programs for treating volatile weak electrolytes such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide systems however, in their present state these programs (presumably) do not accommodate metallic species in solutions. 

Alcohols, Ammonia, Carbon dioxide or Water Sidgwick, 1950, 233... 

It presently became clear that ammonia, carbon dioxide, and ATP were forming an active intermediate which condensed with ornithine to give citrulline. The clue to its identification came from Lipmann s laboratory in 1955 (Jones, Spector, and Lipmann). Lipmann had been... 

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