Ammonia barge

Anhydrous ammonia is moved worldwide ia specially designed vessels, barges, rail cars, and tmcks. AH modes are covered by rigid safety restrictions (8). Ships and barges usuaHy employ refrigeration or semirefrigeration to maintain the Hquid, while rail cars and tmcks normally depend only on pressure... 

Shipping. Distribution of anhydrous ammonia ia the United States is fackitated by pipeline, where three companies serve 11 states having lines almost 4800 km ia total length, by water, where over 4800 km of river barge transport capabkity exists, by rak, where an extensive network ia the continental United States has tie-ias to Canada and Mexico, and by tmck, used mainly for iaterstate or local dehvery. 

Ammonia is usually transported for long distances by barge, pipeline, and rail, and for short distances by tmck Eactors that govern the type of carrier used in anhydrous ammonia transportation systems are distance, location of plant site in relation to consuming area, availabihty of transportation equipment, and relative cost of available carriers. Typical costs (83) of pipeline, barge, and rail modes for long distance transport are 0.0153, 0.0161, and 0.0215 per ton per kilometer, respectively, for distances of about 1600 km. Short distance tmck transportation costs (83) are much higher. Costs are typically 0.0365/(t km) for distances on the order of 160 km. 

Three factors favored construction of ammonia pipelines. First, over 50% of this country s agricultural nitrogen is used in the Midwest and between 40 and 65% of this total is applied directly to the soil as anhydrous ammonia. Second, the low price of natural gas needed for the production of ammonia favored a Gulf Coast plant site or one near a large gas field. Third, much of the Midwest is inaccessible to cheap barge transportation. 

Ammonia is delivered in small containers, tank trucks, tank cars, barges and via pipeline. The most common small containers are 1) cylindrical steel bottles and pressurized flasks that contain about 20 to 200 kg and 2) polyethylene canisters and metals casks. The steel bottles are used in laboratories and small refrigeration systems while the canisters are used for 25% aqueous ammonia74. 

Liquid ammonia shipments by barge constitute a larger volume than by road or rail. Barge shipments supply users without then own production and to meet needs caused by operating breakdowns. Refrigerated ammonia is the preferred... 

Liquid ammonia from the low-pressure separator will give an analysis of 99.5+% ammonia. This product is stored in refrigerated, insulated storage tanks. A large volume of ammonia storage capacity is necessary because its major market - fertilizer production - is seasonal. For shipment, the ammonia is fed from storage to insulated tank trucks, tank cars, or barges for delivery. 

Outdoors, you may be exposed to high levels of ammonia in air from leaks and spills at production plants and storage facilities, and from pipelines, tank trucks, railcars, ships, and barges that transport ammonia. Higher levels of ammonia in air may occur when fertilizer is... 

Many chemical plants are located on our great inland waterways to take advantage of low river transportation costs. Specially designed tank barges ply these rivers with bulk chemicals such as acids, ammonia, chlorine, caustic soda, carbon tetrachloride, acrylonitrile, cyclohexane, urea, turpentine, salt cake, methanol, phenol, styrene, benzene, propane, alcohol, glycol, and many others. 

Much of the world s ammonia production is shipped from the plants where it is produced to other locations for further processing into finished fertiBzers, for direct use as fertilizer, or for use as a raw material for nonfertilizer products. The total world ammonia trade in 1991 was about 11.5 million tonnes of nitrogen, which was approximately 12.4% of the total world ammonia production. Of this total, about 9.4 million tonnes was transported by sea II]. About 1.2 million tonnes of nitrogen was exported from Canada to the United States [1[. Over 5.4 million tonnes of ammonia is transported within the United States annually. Ammonia is transported by ships, barges, rail, trucks, and pipeline. 

The pressurized tanks are suitable for storing small quantities of ammonia from pipeline systems, tank cars, and barges carrying pressurized ammonia. Usually, lindrical vessels are designed for 2-5 MPa. The larger... 

There are currently 39 barges in use for tran orting ammonia in the United States. They are typically 90 m... 

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