Barges

Cost of 41-barg steam. From steam tables, for 41-barg steam at 400°C,... 

Cost of 10-barg steam. Here, 41-barg steam is now expanded to 10 barg in a steam turbine. Details of steam turbine calculations were gpven in Sec. 6.7. From steam tables, inlet conditions at 41 barg and 400 C are... 

Turbine outlet conditions for isentropic expansion to 10 barg are... 

Cost of 3-barg steam. Here, 10-barg steam from the exit of the first turbine is assumed to be expanded to 3 barg in another turbine. 

Swamp Barges operate in very shallow water (less than 20 ft). They can be towed onto location and are then ballasted so that they sit on bottom . The drilling unit is mounted onto the barge. This type of unit is popular in the swamp areas of Nigeria. 

Steel jackets are constructed from welded steel pipe. The jacket is fabricated onshore and then floated out horizontally on a barge and set upright on location. Once in position... 

The legs of the platform can be used as settling tanks or temporary storage facilities for crude oil where oil is exported via tankers, or to allow production to continue in the event of a pipeline shut down. The Brent D platform in the North Sea weighs more than 200,000 tonnes and can store over a million barrels of oil. Topside modules are either installed offshore by lift barges, or can be positioned before the platform is floated out. 

The template will be constructed and fitted out at a fabrication yard and then transported offshore to the drilling location. The template is lowered to the seabed using a crane barge or, if small enough, lowered beneath a semi-submersible rig. Prior to drilling the first well, piles are driven into the sea bed to hold the template in place. 

Cost estimates can usually be broken into firm items, and items which are more difficult to assess because of associated uncertainties or novelty factor. For example, the construction of a pipeline might be a firm item but its installation may be weather dependent, so an allowance could be included to cover extra lay-barge charges if poor sea conditions are likely. 

All pipelines will be circulated clean and those that are buried, or on the seabed, left filled with water or cement. Surface piping will normally be cut up and removed. Flexible subsea pipelines may be reeled-in onto a lay barge and disposed of onshore. 

Tension leg and floating platforms can easily be released and towed away for service elsewhere, which is cheap and attractive. In the case of the fixed platforms, the topside modules are removed by lift barge and taken to shore for disposal. Gravity based structures can in theory be deballasted and floated away to be re-employed or sunk in the deep ocean, and steel jackets cut and removed at an agreed depth below sea level. In some areas jackets are cleaned and placed as artificial reefs on the seabed. The... 

Subsea facilities are easily decommissioned as they are relatively small and easy to lift. However, subsea manifolds and templates can weigh in excess of 1,000 tons and will require heavy lift barges for removal. 

The United States wet millers buy ca 15% of the com used in the U.S. (worldwide, wet millers consume about 10% of the com used). There are two dozen com wet mills in the United States ranging in capacity from 600—10,000 metric tons/day. SheHed com is shipped to wet millers by tmck, rail, or barge. 

Acetic acid is also transported ia barges, sometimes ia amounts of 1500 to 1750 tons. Acetic acid is not as hygroscopic as some other anhydrous organic substances, but barge shipments occasionahy have specification problems because of wave splashing iato the tanks or other careless handling. 

Acrylonitrile is transported by rail car, barge, and pipeline. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations require labeling acrylonitrile as a flammable Hquid and poison. Transport is regulated under DOT 49 CFR 172.101. Bill of lading description is Acrylonitrile, Flammable Liquid, Poison B, UN 1093 RQ. ... 

Chlorine is stored and transported as a Hquefied gas in cylinders of 45.4-kg or 68-kg capacity that are under pressure and equipped with fusible-plug rehef devices. Quantities in the range of 15 to 90 t are transported in tank cars having special angle valves on the manhole cover on top of the vessel. Tank barges of the open-hopper type having several cylindrical uninsulated pressure vessels are used for amounts ranging from 600 to 1200 t. Road tankers are used for capacities of 15 to 20 t. 

Anhydrous ammonia is moved worldwide ia specially designed vessels, barges, rail cars, and tmcks. AH modes are covered by rigid safety restrictions (8). Ships and barges usuaHy employ refrigeration or semirefrigeration to maintain the Hquid, while rail cars and tmcks normally depend only on pressure... 

Packaging constitutes another significant use and is often a foam-ia-place operation to protect iadustrial equipmeat such as pumps or motors. Furniture articles molded from rigid foam are used in the form of decorative drawer fronts, clock cases, and simulated wooden beams. Flotation for barge repair and sport boats as well as insulation for portable coolers are a few other uses. 

Butanes are shipped by pipeline, lad cat, sea tanker, barge, tank truck, and metal bottie throughout the wodd. All U.S. container shipments must meet... 

In handling, shipping, and storing DRI, care should be taken to avoid oxidation. Millions of tons of DRI in pehet and lump form have been shipped by barge, ocean vessel, tmck, and rad. The key to avoiding oxidation is simply to keep the material cool and dry. The chemical reactions involved have been well documented. In general, oxidation of DRI takes place in two forms reoxidation and corrosion (2). 

Time Manufacture. Limestone is consumed at the rate of 32-34 x 10 t/yr in the manufacture of lime. About 75% of the tonnage is captively produced in the United States. The balance is shipped from quarries in northern Michigan and British Columbia in large ore boats or barges. The Hmestone lime ratio is ca 2 1. 

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