Animal amino acid

Taurine (= 2-Amino-ethanesulphonic acid)] ((3-amino acid) Animals GABAA-R agonist (Gly-R)... 

Proteins of high nutritious value are those that have an amino acid composition similar to that of human proteins. Inferior are those proteins that are different from human proteins and, most important, that lack some essential amino acids. Animal proteins are superior to plant proteins. Digestible proteins usually consist of single helices and absorb water. 

See 2-Aminobenzene sulfonic acid Animal GMS. See Glyceryl stearate Animal collagen amino acids. See Collagen amino acids Animal glue... 

Sulfur also occurs in several amino adds, which are the building blocks of the proteins in living organisms. Plants are able to nse sulfate ion as a source of sulfur for the synthesis of amino acids. Animals and decay bacteria derive most of their nutritional sulfur from organic sources. 

Collection from animals (some via chemical conversion) Cholesterol and its derivatives Lactose Peptides (protein digests) Amino acids Animal triglycerides and fatty acids containing unsaturated bonds (e.g. fish oil, docosahexaenoic acid) ... 

Amino acid Animal and path of introduction Sulfate formed Ref. No. 

As constituents of proteins the amino-acids are important constituents of the food of animals. Certain amino-acids can be made in the body from ammonia and non-nitrogenous sources others can be made from other amino-acids, e.g. tyrosine from phenylalanine and cystine from methionine, but many are essential ingredients of the diet. The list of essential amino-acids depends partly on the species. See also peptides and proteins. 

CgHiiNO. M.p. 282 C (decomp.). The naturally occurring substance is laevorotatory. It is an amino-acid isolated from various plant sources, but not found in the animal body. It is formed from tyrosine as the first stage in the oxidation of tyrosine to melanin. It is used in the treatment of Parkinson s disease. 

CfiHqNaO . M.p. 277 C. The naturally occurring substance is laevorotatory. Histidine is one of the basic amino-acids occurring in the hydrolysis products of proteins, and particularly of the basic proteins, the protamines and histones. It is an essential constituent of the food of animals. 

M.p. 140°C. An amino-acid occasionally formed in the hydrolysis products of proteins and occurring in the urine of some birds as dibenzoylornithine. Ornithine is a precursor of arginine in plants, animals and bacteria. 

C11H12N2O2. M.p. 289°C. L-Tryptophan is an essential amino-acid, its presence in the food of animals is necessary for proper growth. It is present in small quantities in the hydrolysis products of most proteins, although absent in certain vegetable proteins. 

An essential amino acid which must be present in the diet of animals to ensure normal growth... 

Proteins. Proteins (qv) supply amino acids (qv), palatabiHty enhancement, and, when present in more than requited amounts, energy as the proteins are degraded and nitrogen compounds excreted. Dogs and cats can consume and meet amino acid requirements in the form of pure amino acids with complete success. However, animal tissue cannot differentiate between pure, plant, or animal sources of those amino acids, and those amino acids can be obtained much more economically from either plant or animal proteins. 

Legume forages, such as alfalfa or clover, are considered high quaHty, readily available protein sources. Animal sources of supplemental protein include meat and bone meal blood meal, 80% CP fish meal other marine products and hydroly2ed feathermeal, 85—90% CP. Additionally, synthetic amino acids are available commercially. Several sources (3,9,19) provide information about the protein or amino acid composition of feedstuffs. 

Tables 2, 3, and 4 hst compositional and nutritional data of selected algae. Mote extensive compilations on algae ate available (26,58). Algae tend to have lower contents of methionine than is deskable in human and animal nutrition and supplementation with this amino acid is necessary with many species (Table 4).

Most of the bacteria, yeasts, molds, and higher fungi of interest for SCP production are deficient in methionine and must be supplemented with this amino acid to be suitable for animal feeding or human food appHcations. Also, lysine—arginine ratios should be adjusted in poultry rations in which yeast SCP is used (62). Human feeding studies have shown that only limited quantities of yeast such as Candida utilis can be added to food products without adverse effects on flavor (63). 

The nutrient sparing effect of antibiotics may result from reduction or elimination of bacteria competing for consumed and available nutrients. It is also recognized that certain bacteria synthesize vitamins (qv), amino acids (qv), or proteins that may be utilized by the host animal. Support of this mode of action is found in the observed nutritional interactions with subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feeds. Protein concentration and digestibiHty, and amino acid composition of consumed proteins may all influence the magnitude of response to feeding antibiotics. Positive effects appear to be largest... 

The indole ring is incorporated into the stmcture of the amino acid tryptophan [6912-86-3] (6) and occurs in proteins and in a wide variety of plant and animal metaboUtes. Much of the interest in the chemistry of indole is the result of efforts to understand the biological activity of indole derivatives in order to develop pharmaceutical appHcations. 

Naturally Occurring Compounds. Many derivatives of iadole are found ia plants and animals where they are derived from the amino acid tryptophan. Several of these have important biological function or activity. Serotonin [50-67-9] (12) functions as a neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor (35). Melatonin [73-31-4] (13) production is controlled daily by the circadian cycle and its physiological level iafluences, and seasonal rhythms ia humans and other species (36). Indole-3-acetic acid [87-51-4] (14) is a plant growth stimulant used ia several horticultural appHcations (37). 

The presence of many nonprotein amino acids has been reported in various living metaboUtes, such as in antibiotics, some other microbial products, and in nonproteinaceous substances of animals and plants (7). Plant amino acids (8) and seleno amino acids (9) have been reviewed. 

The nutritional value of a proteia can be improved by the addition of amino acids of low abundance ia that proteia. Thus the fortification of plant proteias such as wheat, com, and soybean with L-lysiae, DL-methionine, or other essential amino acids (L-tryptophan and L-threonine) is expected to alleviate some food problems (11). Such fortification has been widespread ia the feedstuff of domestic animals. 

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