Amino acids animal fluids

Cresols are formed from the commonly found amino acid tyrosine, and occur naturally in human and animal tissues, fluids, and urine. Cresols are also formed as minor metabolites of toluene, and an increased presence of cresol in the body could be due to exposure to this substance. Therefore, even the cresols themselves cannot be considered to be biomarkers of cresol exposure unless very high levels are found. There is some evidence that methemoglobinemia, reduced glutathione levels in red blood cells, and Heinz body formation are associated with oral exposure to cresols in humans (Chan et al. 1971 Cote et al. 1984), but these effects are too general and occur at too high doses to be useful as biomarkers of exposure to cresols. 

Most of the attention regarding amino acid complexation has been centred on animal fluids. There is considerable evidence, for example, that amino acid complexes are involved in the (active) transport of metal ions across various biological membranes.39 Complexation of the trace elements is also considered essential in reducing concentrations of the free or hydrated metal ions and hence preventing the formation of unwanted hydroxy species and limiting the toxicity of the metal ions. 

A therapeutic serum is a product obtained from blood by removing the clot or clot components and the blood cells. .. (4) An antitoxin is a product containing the soluble substances in serum or other body fluid of an immunized animal that specifically neutralizes the toxin against which it is immune. (5) A product is analogous...(ii) to a therapeutic serum if composed of whole blood or plasma or containing some organic constituent of product other than a hormone or an amino acid, derived from whole blood, plasma, or serum... 

Figure 6.1. Compositions and concentrations of intracellular and extracellular fluids of selected marine animals having widely different total osmolarities. M = intracellular fluids of muscle tissue PI = plasma or hemolymph TMAO = trimethylamine-A-oxide Bet = glycine betaine FAA = free amino acids. (Data compiled from various sources for a comprehensive list of osmolyte compositions and concentrations in diverse species, see Kirschner, 1991 Somero and Yancey, 1997 Yancey et al., 1982.)...

Important non-DNA application areas for precapillary derivatiation with LIF detection include the determination of amino acids and amines in cerebrospinal fluid to distinguish disease states such as Alzheimer s disease and leukemia from the normal population. In vivo monitoring of microdialysates from the brain of living animals has been employed for the determination neuropeptides, amphetamine, neurotransmitters, and amino acids. The contents of single neurons and red blood cells have been studied as well. 

According to Craig, this method has been applied successfully tc the determination of cycloserine in biological fluids, such as blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and to the determination of crystalline cycloserine. No naturally occurring amino acids have been found to interfere with assay results. The minimum assayable level is about 100 ppm in tissue or solid samples such as animal feeds, and about 25 ppm in liquid samples. 

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