Neurotransmitters amino acid

Rothman S (1984) Synaptic release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter mediates anoxic neuronal death. J Neurosci 4(7) 1884-1891... 

Hoffman, N. W., Wuarin, J. P. Dudek, F. E. (1994). Whole-cell recordings of spontaneous synaptic currents in medial preoptic neurons from rat hypothalamic shces mediation by amino acid neurotransmitters. Brain Res. 660, 349-52. 

Heterocyclic fluorophores based on the benzoxadiazole nucleous, namely 4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-l,3-diazole (NBD) 14 derivatives/analogs, have been widely used as derivatization reagents for analysis purposes. Examples include the amino- or thiol reactive 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-l,3-diazole (NBD-F) 15 and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-C1) 16 [45-50] and the thiol-reactive /V-((2-(iodoacetoxy)ethyl)-/V-methyl)amino-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-dia-zole (IANBD ester) 17 [51] and 7-chlorobenz-2-oxa-l,3-diazole-4-sulfonate (SBD-C1) 18 [52], NBD-F and NBD-C1 derivatives can be excited at about 470 nm by using the relatively inexpensive and reliable argon ion lasers or newer diode pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers. NBD-F has been used as a labeling tag in various capillary electrophoresis (CE) experiments for amino acids [53-57] including the monitorization of in vivo dynamics of amino acids neurotransmitters [58]. 

Klinker CC, Bowser MT (2007) 4-Fluoro-7-nitro-2, 1, 3-benzoxadiazole as a fluorogenic labeling reagent for the in vivo analysis of amino acid neurotransmitters using online microdialysis-capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 79 8747-8754... 

GABA (y-aminobutyric acid) The major inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter of the CNS. 

Detection of Catalysts and Inhibitors Ions, Amino Acids, Neurotransmitters, and Heme Proteins... 

The amino acid neurotransmitters are subdivided into primarily excitatory (glutamate, aspartate) and inhibitory (y-aminobutyric acid, GABA, glycine) types. 

A variety of peptides are utilized in the nervous system as neurotransmitters. Unlike other neurotransmitters, which can be synthesized in various parts of the neuron like the axon terminals, neuropeptides are produced by gene transcription and translation. They may colocalize and be coreleased with ACh, monoamines, or amino acid neurotransmitters. Their receptors are metabotropic and may work through a variety of effector mechanisms. Neuropeptides are formed and degraded by a variety of peptidase enzymes. 

Amino acid neurotransmitter Constituents of hypericum also appear to have effects on amino acid neurotransmission, particularly GABA. Hypericin and a crude extract bind to GABAA and GABAB receptors (Cott 1997). Hyperforin also inhibits synaptosomal GABA reuptake in the low micromolar range (IC50 values of 0.05-0.10 ug/ml). Activity at GABAA benzodiazepine receptors was noted in extracts of four hy-... 

Opioids also interact with excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. At lower micromolar concentrations, p agonists (e.g., DAMGO) enhance NMDA activity in the nucleus accumbens, but inhibit non-NMDA activity (Martin et al. 1997). At higher concentrations (5 pM), NMDA currents are reduced. Conversely, central administration of glutamate can precipitate a withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent animals, similar to the opioid antagonist naloxone. NMDA mechanisms also appear to be involved in the development of morphine tolerance. Competitive and noncompetitive NMDA antagonists and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase reduce or eliminate tolerance to morphine (Elliott et al. 1995 Bilsky et al. 1996). However, this does not occur for tolerance to k opioids. Pharmacokinetics... 

Shah AJ, Crespi F, Heidbreder C. 2002. Amino acid neurotransmitters Separation approaches and diagnostic value. J Chromatogr B 781 151-163. 

Zhou SY, Zuo H, Stobaugh JE, Lunte CE, Lunte SM. 1995. Continuous in vivo monitoring of amino acid neurotransmitters by microdialysis sampling with on-line derivatization and capillary electrophoresis separation. Anal Chem 67(3) 594-599. 

There are two major types of receptor which are activated by neurotransmitters. These are the ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. The former receptor type is illustrated by the amino acid neurotransmitter receptors for glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, and the acetylcholine receptors of the nicotinic type. These are examples of fast transmitters in that they rapidly open and close the ionic channels in... 

There are more than 10 billion neurons that make up the human nervous system, and they interact with one another through neurotransmitters. Acetylcholine, a number of biogenic amines (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and in all likelihood, histamine and norepinephrine), certain amino acids and peptides, and adenosine are neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Amino acid neurotransmitters are glutamic and aspartic acids that excite postsynaptic membrane receptors of several neurons as well as y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, which are inhibitory neurotransmitters. Endorphins, enkephalins, and substance P are considered peptidergic transmitters. There are many compounds that imitate the action of these neurotransmitters. 

Pharmacology Acamprosate is a synthetic compound with a chemical structure similar to that of the endogenous amino acid homotaurine, which is a structural analogue of the amino acid neurotransmitter -aminobutyric acid and the amino acid neuromodulator taurine. 

Meldrum B (1985) Possible therapeutic applications of antagonists of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. Clin Sci 68 113-122... 

A) Antagonism of the inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter glycine... 

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