Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters

Rothman S (1984) Synaptic release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter mediates anoxic neuronal death. J Neurosci 4(7) 1884-1891... 

The amino acid neurotransmitters are subdivided into primarily excitatory (glutamate, aspartate) and inhibitory (y-aminobutyric acid, GABA, glycine) types. 

Opioids also interact with excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. At lower micromolar concentrations, p agonists (e.g., DAMGO) enhance NMDA activity in the nucleus accumbens, but inhibit non-NMDA activity (Martin et al. 1997). At higher concentrations (5 pM), NMDA currents are reduced. Conversely, central administration of glutamate can precipitate a withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent animals, similar to the opioid antagonist naloxone. NMDA mechanisms also appear to be involved in the development of morphine tolerance. Competitive and noncompetitive NMDA antagonists and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase reduce or eliminate tolerance to morphine (Elliott et al. 1995 Bilsky et al. 1996). However, this does not occur for tolerance to k opioids. Pharmacokinetics... 

Meldrum B (1985) Possible therapeutic applications of antagonists of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. Clin Sci 68 113-122... 

Glutamate is the main excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in central and peripheral nervous systems. Its concentration in brain is higher than in other body tissues. In the brain, the concentration of glutamate is 3- to 4-fold greater than that of aspartate, taurine, or glutamine (McGeer et al., 1987). The most abundant amino acid... 

Ferkany JW, Zaczek R, Coyle JT (1982) Kainic acid stimulates excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter release at presynaptic receptors. Nature 298 757-9 Fink K, Gothert M, Molderings G, Schlicker E (1989) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated stimulation of noradrenaline release, but not release of other neurotransmitters, in the rat brain cortex receptor location, characterization and desensitization. Naunyn Schmiede-berg s Arch Pharmacol 339 514-21... 

The excitotoxic index was developed by our group as a composite descriptor of excitatory/inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter balance as measured by microdialysis in the brain s extracellular space (66,102). This index is defined as ... 

Ketamine exerts its physiological effects at the molecular level by interfering with the actions of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, primarily glutamate, the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The excitatory neurotransmitters regulate numerous functions of the central nervous system. 

Bazan, N. G. Allan, G. Platelet-activating factor in the modulation of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter release and of gene expression. J. Lipid Mediators Cell Signal, 1996, 14 321-330. 

Another important family of ligand gated ion channels is the receptors for the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters such as glutamate and aspartate (Figure 10.8). These act as neurotransmitters at the vast majority of excitatory synapses in the brain. These receptors are also multisubunit ion channel arrays, in this case consisting of tetramers of related subunits (Wolhnuth and Sobolevsky, 2004). The proteins that make up these subunits are all related in structure but are quite different from those that make up the nicotinic and GABA-A receptor family. 

Glutamate An excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter (Chapter 3). 

Johnson RR, Burkhalter A (1992) Evidence for excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters in the geniculo-cortical pathway and local projections within rat primary visual cortex. Exp Brain Res 89 20-30. 

Ottersen OP (1991) Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters anatomical systems. In Meldrum BS (Ed), Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists. London Blackwell, pp 14-35. 

Glutamate is the major excitatory neuro transmitter in the cortex and hippocampus. Many neuronal pathways essential to learning and memory use glutamate as a neurotransmitter, including the pyramidal neurons (a layer of neurons with long axons carrying information out of the cortex), hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex. Glutamate and other excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters have been implicated as... 

Cox DWG and Bradford H. F (1978) Uptake and Release of Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotransmitters, m Kainic Acid as a Tool in Neurobiology (McGeer E G, ed ) Raven Press, New York, pp 71-93. 

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