Aluminum chloride, compound with

Aluminum acetylacetonate, 2 25 Aluminum bromide, 3 30 of high purity, 3 33 Aluminum chloride, compound with selenium(IV) chloride, 5 127 Aluminum complex compounds, anions, oxalato, K3[A1(Cs04)3]-3HsO, 1 36... 

AlCl4] [SeCl3]+ Aluminum chloride compound, with selenium-(IV) chloride, 5 127 AlCs(S04)2-12H20 Cesium alum, 4 8... 

What results from a treatment of perfluorocyclobutene with anhydrous aluminum chloride (compound S) or aluminum bromide (compound T) ... 

SeCl2 Selenium (II) chloride, 5 127 [SeCl3]+[AlCl4]- Selenium (IV) chloride, compound with aluminum chloride, 6 127 SeCl4 Selenium (IV) chloride, 5 125, 126... 

The benzoylation of 2-methoxynaphthalene (2-MN) 4 with an equimo-lecular amount of BC in the presence of aluminum chloride (5% mol) gives producfs 5, 6, and 7 in 63 25 12 rafio (Table 3.1). With indium trichloride in place of aluminum chloride, compound 5 is obtained in a higher selectivity (88%). On increasing the temperature in the reaction with indium trichloride, the product composition is changed, and compound 6 is the predominant one (84% selectivity). Quite similar results are achieved with iron trichloride, tin tetrachloride, and zinc chloride, while in the case of antimony pentachloride and titanium tetrachloride, compound 5 is the major product. Mechanistic studies show that the reaction involves the isomerization of 5 to 7 and 6. 

DIFLUOROETHENE or DIFLUORO-l,l-ETHENE (75-38-7) Flammable gas (flash point <—85°F/<—65°C). Violent reaction with oxidizers, barium, sodium, or potassium. Reacts with aluminum chloride. Incompatible with hydrogen chloride. May form explosive compounds with light metals and metallic azides. Capable of forming unstable peroxides may cause explosive polymerization. Undergoes thermal decomposition when exposed to flame or red-hot surfaces. May accumulate static electricity, and cause ignition of its vapors. The uninhibited monomer vapor may block vents and confined spaces by forming a solid polymer material. 

In practice, the catalyst system is in the form of a so-called "red" complex, which is not perfectly soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, and which contains 25 to 30 weight per cent of promoted aluminum chloride, combined with 45 to 50 per cent of benzene/ethyl-benzene and about 25 per cent of higher molecular weight hydrocarbon compounds. Because it is heavier the catalyst settles at the bottom of the reactor. Since the complex is also corrosive, the reactor must be provided with a refractory lining or the reactor walls vitrified. 

In its original form the Higashimura et al. mechanism still seems to be a more reasonable way of explaining the stereoregular polymerization of benzofuran (Natta et al., 1961b Farina and Bressan, 1963). It was found that aluminum chloride, complexed with an optically active compound, such as /3-phenylalanine (— or 4-) or ( + )— 10-camphor, afforded an optically active... 

Friedel-Crafts alkylation (Section 12 6) An electrophilic aro matic substitution in which an aromatic compound reacts with an alkyl halide in the presence of aluminum chloride An alkyl group becomes bonded to the nng... 

Cycloalkylation of aromatic compounds with 1,4- or 1,3-glycols ia the presence of aluminum chloride leads to the formation of derivatives of tetrahydronaphthalene oriadane, respectively (55). 

ALKYLATION OF ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS The first reported alkylation of branched-chain alkanes by ethylene, over aluminum chloride (69), made it possible to alkylate alkanes (except methane and ethane) with straight chain or branched alkenes. 

Aldehyde Synthesis. Formylation would be expected to take place when formyl chloride or formic anhydride reacts with an aromatic compound ia the presence of aluminum chloride or other Friedel-Crafts catalysts. However, the acid chloride and anhydride of formic acid are both too unstable to be of preparative iaterest. 

Triaryl phosphates are produced by reaction of phosphoms oxychloride with phenoHc compounds at 100—200°C with magnesium or aluminum chloride catalyst. Past use of cresols and xylenols from coal tar or petroleum is replaced for lower toxicity and cost by synthetic phenoHcs, primarily isopropyl phenol, /-butyl phenol, and phenol itself A range of viscosities is achieved by selection and proportioning of the phenols and their isomers used for the starting material. 

The aluminum halides and aluminum nitrates have similar properties with the exception of the family of aluminum fluoride compounds which are discussed elsewhere (see Fluorine compounds, inorganic). Of the remaining members ia this aluminum haUde family, chloride derivatives are the most commercially important alurniaum brornide /7727-/3 -JJ AlBr, alumiaum iodide [7784-23-8] and alumiaum nitrate [13473-90-0] are of... 

The class of compounds identified as basic aluminum chlorides [1327-41 -9] is used primarily ia deoderant, antiperspirant, and fungicidal preparations. They have the formula Al2(OH)g where x = 1 5, and are prepared by the reaction of an excess of aluminum with 5—15% hydrochloric acid at a temperature of 67—97°C (18). The same compounds are obtained by hydro1y2ing aluminum alkoxides with hydrochloric acid (19,20) (see Alkoxides, METAl). Basic aluminum chloride has also been prepared by the reaction of an equivalent or less of hydrochloric acid with aluminum hydroxide at 117—980 kPa (17—143 psi) (20). 

Quaternary Salts. Herbicides paraquat (20) and diquat (59) are the quaternary salts of 4,4 -bipyridine (19) and 2,2 -bipyridine with methyl chloride and 1,2-dibromoethane, respectively. Higher alkylpyridinium salts are used in the textile industry as dye ancillaries and spin bath additives. The higher alkylpyridinium salt, hexadecylpytidinium chloride [123-03-5] (67) (cetylpyridinium chloride) is a topical antiseptic. Amprolium (62), a quaternary salt of a-picohne (2), is a coccidiostat. Bisaryl salts of butylpyridinium bromide (or its lower 1-alkyl homologues) with aluminum chloride have been used as battery electrolytes (84), in aluminum electroplating baths (85), as Friedel-Crafts catalysts (86), and for the formylation of toluene by carbon monoxide (87) (see QuaternaryAA ONiUM compounds). 

Other, removable cation-stabilizing auxiliaries have been investigated for polyene cyclizations. For example, a sdyl-assisted carbocation cyclization has been used in an efficient total synthesis of lanosterol. The key step, treatment of (257) with methyl aluminum chloride in methylene chloride at —78° C, followed by acylation and chromatographic separation, affords (258) in 55% yield (two steps). When this cyclization was attempted on similar compounds that did not contain the C7P-silicon substituent, no tetracycHc products were observed. Steroid (258) is converted to lanosterol (77) in three additional chemical steps (225). 

Iodine reacts with sulfuryl chloride ia the presence of aluminum chloride as catalyst-forming iodine chlorides. Sulfuryl chloride reacts with anhydrous ammonia yielding a series of sulfamides of the general formula NH2S02(NHS02) NH2, where n > 0. A cycHc compound of the formula... 

These reactions proceed rapidly and in good yield with primary alkyl and phenyl organotin compounds at ca 200°C. The reactions proceed at lower temperatures if anhydrous aluminum chloride is used as a catalyst. 

Copper, aluminum, and their alloys should not be used in handling vinyhdene chloride. Copper can react with acetylenic impurities to form copper acetyhdes, whereas aluminum can react with the vinyhdene chloride to form aluminum chloralkyls. Both compounds are extremely reactive and potentially ha2ardous. 

Heterocychc compounds range from those, such as furan which is readily halogenated and tends to give polyhalogenated products, to pyridine which forms a complex with aluminum chloride that can only be brominated to 50% reaction (23). 

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