Static accumulators

There are no available data to establish whether nonconductive, low viscosity chemical products such as ethyl ether similarly display hyperbolic relaxation below about 2 pS/m, or even whether this phenomenon is a practical reality for such liquids. Should Ohmic relaxation behavior continue to much less than 0.5 pS/m the risk of static accumulation would be enhanced compared with petroleum distillates. 

For road tankers with nonconductive coatings or linings the possibility of static accumulation on the inner surface causing pinhole damage or even a PBD should be considered (2-6.5, 5-4.1.3, and 5-4.4.1). However, no case history of a PBD is available for lined liquid tanks. 

Where possible, agitators should be covered with sufficient depth of liquid to minimize splashing, or operated at a reduced speed until sufficient depth has been built up. In cases where hazardous static accumulation in the... 

The accident investigation indicated that the explosion was caused by a static spark that jumped from the steel nozzle to the tank car. The nozzle was not bonded to the tank car to prevent static accumulation. The use of a nonmetallic hose probably also contributed. 

The accident investigation indicated that a flammable atmosphere had developed because of an air leak. The lined centrifuge was the source of ignition as a result of static accumulation and discharge. 

Note Although most of these expls can be detonated by static charges such as can be accumulated by human bodies, there is no danger of using these expls in metallic rivets. As these rivets are good conductors, no static accumulation is possible in the vicinity of the... 

The chemical modifications of polyester is mainly intended to overcome some of the inherent drawbacks of the fibre such as low dyeability, low moisture regain, static accumulation, soiling tendency, pilling property and flammability. Develop-... 

FIGURE 2 12. Proper Installation of a Dip Pipe. A fill pipe entering the top of a tank and carrying a hazardous liquid subjea to static accumulation should terminate within six inches of the bottom of the tank and should be installed so as to avoid excessive vibration. 

If the product being loaded is not a static accumulator. Examples include residual oils, asphalts, most cmde oils, water-soluble products such as ethanol, and any product that has been treated with a sufficient quantity of antistatic additive. 

Polonium (Po) is a radioactive element that was discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. Po is used in brushes to remove dust from photographic films and to avoid charge static accumulation produced by several processes, such as the rolling of paper, wire, and sheet metal. In addition, Po has been alloyed with beryllium to be used as a neutron source. All these and other applications depend on Po s structural properties. Po is the only element of the periodic table that adopts the simple cubic (sc) structure at ambient pressure (a few other elements such as Ca-III and As-II present the sc, but only at high pressure [1]), and this structure has a low atomic packing factor and is rare in nature. The first experimental studies of Po s crystal structure, by using electron diffraction, were reported in 1936 by Rollier et al. [2]. Several years later, Beamer and Maxwell [3,4] and Sando and Lange [5] reported on their X-ray diffraction experiments on metallic Po. From these reports, we know that Po exhibits two structural phases the a phase (a-Po), which has the sc structure p Pmim)], a = 3.345(2) A [4], and the /3 phase (/3-Po), stable above 77(9)°C, which has the rhombohedral (r) structure [Df (/ 3m)], a = 3.359(1) A, and a = 98.22(5)°. 

Precaution Extremely flamm. liq. and vapor flamm. limits in airO.9-6.3 vol.% liq. can release vapors below ambient temps., which readily form flamm. mixts. volatile gives off invisible vapors vapors may settle distant ignition/explosion possible avoid heat, sparks, flame static accumulation hazard ground and bond containers incompat. with strong oxidizers... 

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