Glutamate metabolism

There is evidence that some people are sensitive to free glutamates. These people get headaches or other symptoms if they ingest too much. This may be related to pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiencies, as this vitamin is necessary for glutamate metabolism. People with uncontrolled severe asthma may find that glutamates complicate or worsen their symptoms. 

Yudkoff, M., Nissim, I., Daikhin, Y. etal. Brain glutamate metabolism neuronal-astroglial relationships. Dev. Neurosci. 15 343-50,1993. 

Sterol biosynthesis Bile acid biosynthesis C2rSteroid hormone metabolism Androgen and estrogen metabolism Nucleotide Metabolism Purine metabolism Pyrimidine metabolism Nucleotide sugar metabolism Amino sugar metabolism Amino Acid Metabolism Glutamate metabolism Alanine and aspartate metabolism Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism... 

Metabolism of Other Amino Acids /3-Alanine metabolism Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism Aminophosphonate metabolism Selenoamino acid metabolism Cyanoamino acid metabolism D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism... 

Gluconeogenesis glutamine and glutamate metabolism. Part synthesis of vitamin D. 

The 5-carbon skeleton of glutamic acid gives rise directly to those of proline, ornithine, and arginine. The reactions are outlined in Fig. 24-9. Arginine, in turn, is involved in the urea cycle, which is shown in detail in Fig. 24-10. Arginine is also a biosynthetic precursor of the polyamines. Another important biosynthetic product of glutamate metabolism is 8-aminolevulinate, a precursor to porphyrins (Eq. 24-44) in some organisms.139... 

Daikhin Y. and Yudkolf M. (2000). Compartmentation of brain glutamate metabolism in neurons and glia. J. Nutr. 130 1026S-1031S. 

Hardin-Pouzet H., Krakowski M., Bourbonniere L., Didier-Bazes M., Tran E., and Owens T. (1997). Glutamate metabolism is down-regulated in astrocytes during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Glia 20 79-85. 

Porcheray F., Leone C., Samah B., Rimaniol A. C., Dereuddre-Bosquet N., and Gras G. (2006). Glutamate metabolism in HIV-infected macrophages implications for the CNS. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 291 C618-C626. 

Yudkoff M, Daikhin Y, Nissim I, et al. Ketogenic diet, brain glutamate metabolism and seizure control. 

Rowland LM, Bustillo JR, Mullins PG, Jung RE, Lenroot R, et al. 2005. Effects of ketamine on anterior cingulate glutamate metabolism in healthy humans A 4-t proton mrs study. Am J Psychiatry 162 394-396. 

Considerations on the role of transhydrogenase in glutamate metabolism in rat liver mitochondria have been dominated largely by a postulate... 

Burbaeva GS, Boksha IS, Tereshkina EB, Savushkina OK, Starodubtseva LI, Turishcheva MS (2005) Glutamate metabolizing enzymes in prefrontal cortex of Alzheimer s disease patients. Neurochem Res 30 1443-1451... 

Plaitakis, A., Berl, S., and Yahr, M.D., 1982. Abnormal glutamate metabolism in adult-onset degenerative neurological disorder. Science, 216, pp. 193-196. 

Van den Berg CJ, Krzalic LJ, Mela P, Waelsch H (1969) Compartmentation of glutamate metabolism in brain. Biochem J 773 281-290. 

Eybalin M, Norenberg MD, Renard N (1996) Glutamine. synthetase and glutamate metabolism in the guinea pig cochlea. Hear Res 70/ 93-101. 

Although the GOGAT reaction consumes one NADPH it produces two molecules of glutamate that can yield, via GDH, two NADPH that can in turn serve as an electron source for the anti-oxidative enzymes glutathione reductase (GR) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR see p. 264-266) glutamine could also be used in pyrimidine biosynthesis. (The glutamate metabolic pathway can be found online at http //sites.huji.ac. il/malaria/maps/glutamatemetpath.html last accessed 16 July 2008.)... 

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