Allene aromatic hydrocarbons

Coates JD, J Woodward, J Allen, P Philip, DR Lovley (1997) Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes in petroleum-contaminated marine harbor sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 3589-3593. 

Allen CCR, DR Boyd, F Hempenstall, MJ Larkin, ND Sharma (1999) Contrasting effects of a nonionic surfactant on the biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to cw-dihydrodiols by soil hacierva.. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 1335-1339. 

Abstract The basic principles of the oxidative carbonylation reaction together with its synthetic applications are reviewed. In the first section, an overview of oxidative carbonylation is presented, and the general mechanisms followed by different substrates (alkenes, dienes, allenes, alkynes, ketones, ketenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, amines) leading to a variety of carbonyl compounds are discussed. The second section is focused on processes catalyzed by Pdl2-based systems, and on their ability to promote different kind of oxidative carbonylations under mild conditions to afford important carbonyl derivatives with high selectivity and efficiency. In particular, the recent developments towards the one-step synthesis of new heterocyclic derivatives are described. 

In a similar study, Allen and co-workers (1996) determined the particle size distribution for 15 PAHs with molecular weights ranging from 178 (e.g., phenan-threne) to 300 (coronene) and associated with urban aerosols in Boston, Massachusetts. As for BaP in the winter (Venkataraman and Friedlander, 1994b), PAHs with MW >228 were primarily present in the fine aerosol fraction (Dp < 2 /Am). A study of 6-ring, MW 302 PAH at the same site showed bimodal distributions, with most of the mass in the 0.3- to 1.0-/zm particle size size range a smaller fraction was in the ultrafine mode particles (0.09-0.14 /xm) (Allen et al., 1998). For PAHs with MW 178—202, the compounds were approximately evenly distributed between the fine and coarse (D > 2 /am) fractions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-segregated aerosols col-... 

Allen, J. O., N. M. Dookeran, K. A. Smith, A. F. Sarofim, K. Taghizadeh, A. L. Lafieur, Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Size-Segregated Atmospheric Aerosols in Massachusetts, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 1023-1031 (1996). 

Bezabeh, D. Z., T. M. Allen, E. M. McCauley, P. B. Kelly, and A. D. Jones, Negative Ion Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, J. Am.. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 8, 630-636 (1997). 

Allen JR, Barsotti DA, Lambrecht LK, et al. 1979. Reproductive effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons on nonhuman primates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 320 419-424. 

Dioxiranes are three-membered cyclic ring peroxides that are expected to be very unstable owing to ring strain. They are effective oxygenating agents for epoxidations of olefins, allenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, enols. and a, /i-unsaturated ketones for insertions of oxygen into X—H... 

The synthesis of a tetraphenyl derivative (rubrene, Expt 6.13) of the linearly fused tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbon naphthacene involves an interesting intermolecular cyclisation process between two molecules of 1-chloro-1,3,3-triphenylpropa-1,2-diene. This substituted allene is formed in situ from 1,1,3-triphenylprop-2-yn-l-ol (Expt 5.41) when the latter is allowed to react with thionyl chloride and the resulting chlorosulphite ester heated with a little quinoline cyclisation occurs spontaneously under these reaction conditions to give rubrene which has an intense red colour. 

A reaction that has been discussed in terms of high acid concentrations is the nitration that takes place upon electrolysis of a suspended aromatic hydrocarbon in dilute (1-2 m) nitric acid (for summaries, see Allen, 1958 Fichter, 1942 Tomilov, 1961 Tomilov and Fiochin, 1963). The proposal has been that nitric acid would be formed in high concentration in the anode region, thus causing nitration in an ordinary electrophilic substitution reaction. This is an entirely reasonable idea, as it has since been shown (Cauquis and Serve, 1970) that nitrate ion is oxidized to dinitrogen pentoxide using nitromethane as a solvent (59). In an aqueous solution this... 

Aromatic hydrocarbons are alkenylated with allenylsilane in the presence of GaCl3 at — 90 °C. A modest level of 0r// 0-seleetivity is observed. Organogallium electrophiles generated from allenes and GaCl3 are active intermediates in this reaction. While the allenylsilane reacts exclusively at the central carbon, 1,2-alkadiene reacts at the terminal carbon predominantly (Scheme 151).446... 

Hurtubise, R.J. Allen, T.W. Silver, H.F. Comparison of molecular connectivity and a chromatographic correlation factor in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Chromatogr. 1982, 235, 517-522. 

Kerkhoff MJ, Lee TM, Allen ER, et al. 1985. Spectral fingerprinting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high-volume ambient air samples by constant energy synchronous luminescence spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 19 695- 699. 

Moore, M.N. and Allen, J.I. (2002) A computational model of the digestive gland epithelial cell of marine mussels and its simulated responses to oil-derived aromatic hydrocarbons. Mar. 

Allen, B. Wu, J. Doan, H. Inactivation of fungi associated with barley grain by gaseous ozone. J. Environ. Sci. Health 2003, B5.S (5), 617-630. Nam, K. Kukor, J.J. Combined ozonation and biodegradation for remediation of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Biodegradation 2000, 11, 1-9. 

Allen-Hoffman BL, Rheinwald JG. 1984. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mutagenesis of human epidermal keratinocytes in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81 7802-7806. 

The formation of ketonic and quinonoid derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons during combustion (Alsberg et al. 1985 Levsen 1988). The environmental distribution of benzanthrone and related compounds such as benzo c,d ] py rene-6-one and cyclo pen ta dtf phenan-threne-4-one has been reviewed (Spitzer and Takeuchi 1995), and such transformation products have been identified in, for example, marine sediment samples (Fernandez et al. 1992), fish from a contaminated river (Vassilaros et al. 1982), and urban aerosols (Galceran et al. 1995 Allen et al. 1997). 

Product distributions are plotted in Figures 7 to 12. These data suggest that the primary products are ethylene, methane, hydrogen, butenes, butadiene, methylcyclopentene, hexadienes, acetylene, and ethane, and the secondary products are cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene, benzene, toluene, and polycyclic aromatics. All C4 olefins were present, with 1-butene the major component. Isobutylene, trans- and cis-2-butene were also identified. Selectivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation was calculated in terms of naphthalene because the main part of these aromatics was found to be naphthalene. Trace amounts of propane, allene, methylacetylene, cyclohexane, cyclohexadiene, 4-methylcyclohex-ene, xylenes, and styrene were also identified. The amount of carbon deposit on the reactor wall was very small and was neglected. 

Agrell C, ter Schure AFH, Sveder J et al (2004) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) at a solid waste incineration plant I atmospheric concentrations. Atmos Environ 38 5139-5148 Allen JO, Dookeran MM, Smith KA et al (1996) Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with size-segregated atmospheric aerosols in Massachusetts. Environ Sci Technol 30 1023-1031... 

Allen JG, McClean MD, Stapleton HM et al (2007) Personal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential indoor air. Environ Sci Technol 41 4574-4579 ATSDR (1995) Agency for toxic substances and disease registry. Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). August 1995. http //www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/ tp69.html bookmark08. Accessed 20 July 2009... 

Guillemin MP, Herrera H, Huynh CK, Droz PO, Vu Due T (1992) Occupational exposure of truck drivers to dust and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons a pilot study in Geneva, Switzerland. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 63 439-447 Han X, Aguilar-Villalobos M, Allen J, Carlton CS, Robinson R, Bayer C, Naeher LP (2005) Traffic-related occupational exposures to PM2.5, CO, and VOCs in Trujillo, Peru. Int J Oeeup Environ Health 11 276-288... 

Jinno and Kawasaki " correlated log Id with the connectivity index of 26 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) separated on phenyl (r = 0.9926), ethyl (r = 0.9905), octyl (r = 0.9944), and octadecyl (r = 0.9912) columns. Hurtubise, Allen, and SUver separated 34 PAHs by reversed-phase(RP)-HPLC and correlated their log Id with the connectivity index x-... 

Benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons undergo photoaddition reactions with furan, dienes, and allenes to give para-like adducts as major products by allowed (jt" s + Ti s) cycloaddition process. For examples, benzene reacts with furan in molar ratio 1 1 gives para-like adduct as major product [19] and with allene gives para-and meta-adducts in a ratio of 2 1 [20]. 

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