Alkylphenols 4-nonylphenol

Alkylphenols Nonylphenol Surfactants (certain detergents and their metabolites)... 

The Alkylphenols Nonylphenol and Octylphenol in Food Contact Materials and Household Items Exposure and Health Risk Considerations... 

Many different types of foaming agents are used, but nonionic surfactants are the most common, eg, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, fatty amine oxides, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and octylphenol ethoxylates, to name a few (see Alkylphenols). Anionic surfactants can be used, but with caution, due to potential complexing with cationic polymers commonly used in mousses. 

Esterification. Alkylphenols react with acid chlorides and acids to produce commercially important esters. Three equivalents of -nonylphenol (10) react with phosphoms trichloride or tributyl phosphite to produce tris(4-nonylphenyl) phosphite (TNPP) (11). 

Etherification. Many of the mono alkylphenols and some of the dialkylphenols are converted into ethoxylates which find commercial apphcation as nonionic surfactants (9). For example, -nonylphenol reacts with ethylene oxide under mild basic conditions. 

Alkylphenols undergo a carboxylation reaction known as the Kolbe Schmidt reaction. In the following example, the phenolate anion of /)-nonylphenol (15) reacts with carbon dioxide under pressure. Neutralization generates a sahcyhc acid (16) (10). 

Large volumes of monoalkylphenols are shipped in Hquid form by railcar, tank wagon, or export container. These shipping vessels must be stainless steel or phenoHc resin lined carbon steel. Eor smaller volumes, dmms and tote-tanks are used. Eor high freezing point alkylphenols, such as PTBP, the product is flaked and shipped in either bags or supersacs. Eor low freezing point products, such as -nonylphenol (PNP) (fp < 20° C), the product is shipped in dmms or tote-tanks. 

Linear novolac resins prepared by reacting para-alkylphenols with paraformaldehyde are of interest for adhesive tackifiers. As expected for step-growth polymerization, the molecular weights and viscosities of such oligomers prepared in one exemplary study increased as the ratio of formaldehyde to para-nonylphenol was increased from 0.32 to 1.00.21 As is usually the case, however, these reactions were not carried out to full conversion, and the measured Mn of an oligomer prepared with an equimolar phenol-to-formaldehyde ratio was 1400 g/mol. Plots of apparent shear viscosity versus shear rate of these p-nonylphenol novolac resins showed non-Newtonian rheological behavior. 

Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) are nonionic surfactants that are used in the manufacturing of plastics, agricultural chemicals, cosmetics, herbicides, and industrial detergent formulations. Alkylphenols such as nonylphenol (NP) are the products of... 

Substrates coated with alkylphenol-polyethylene oxide-acrylate polymer [607] are useful for demulsifying naturally occurring crude oils. The monomers include oxethylated alkylphenols, such as oxethylated nonylphenol with 6 to 12 ethoxy units, which are esterified with acrylate. 

Applicability of in situ TLC-FTIR is shown in Table 7.81. Nonylphenol (NP) and alkylphenol ethoxy-lates (NP( 0) ), n = 3,9,14) were detected by means of TLC-FTIR [771],... 

Taking in account the results obtained by Graciaa (8) and Osborne-Lee (9) for alkylbenzene sulfonate and alkylphenols with an increasing degree of ethoxylation, we have considered that the interaction between sulfonate and associated highly ethoxylated nonylphenol (with 30, 50 or 100 E.O.) was predominant in mixed micelles of the mixtures investigated. 

Andreu V, Ferrer E, Rubio JL, Font G, Pico Y (2007) Quantitative determination of octylphenol, nonylphenol, alkylphenol ethoxylates and alcohol ethoxylates by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in soils treated with sewage sludges. Sci Total Environ 378 124—129... 

Surfactants, such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and alkylphenol ethoxylates, are present in whitewaters because of their use as cleaning agents or as additives in antifoamers, deinkers, dispersants, etc. The non-ionic surfactants alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO) degrade to nonylphenol (NP) or to a... 

Fig. 2.6.18. LC-MS-MS analysis of halogenated alkylphenolic compounds in chlorinated river water (the Llobregat river, Spain). MRM mode (a) 253 —> 167 for detection of 35C1 nonylphenolic compounds (b) 297 — 79 for 79BrNP (c) 355 —> 297 for 79BrNPE C (d) 399 — 297 for 79BrNPE2C. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [39] 2002 American...

Since the beginning of the 1980s, the presence of surfactants in solid matrices has slowly received more attention. The publication by Giger and coworkers in 1984 [2] on the anaerobic formation in sewage sludge of nonylphenol (NP) out of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) particularly stressed the importance of this environmental compartment. However, environmental data of surfactants in sediments and sludges remains scarcer than data on aqueous concentrations, undoubtedly because sediment samples are more difficult to handle. 

Wastewater-derived alkylphenolic compounds have been studied extensively. The concentrations of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs), as the strongly prevalent sub-group of APEOs, determined in the influents of WWTPs (Table 6.1.4), varied widely among various WWTPs from <30 to 1035 pg L 1. However, values can go up to 22 500 pg L-1 in industrial wastewaters (especially from tannery, textile, pulp and paper industry). Levels of octylphenol ethoxylates (OPEOs) are significantly lower, comprising approximately 5-15% of total APEOs in WWTP influents, which is congruent with their lower commercial use. 

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