Neutrals, generation

Alkylphenols undergo a carboxylation reaction known as the Kolbe Schmidt reaction. In the following example, the phenolate anion of /)-nonylphenol (15) reacts with carbon dioxide under pressure. Neutralization generates a sahcyhc acid (16) (10). 

Living VE polymerization is usually terminated by addition of alcohols, phenols, amines, etc, that can replace iodide. Without some base present to neutralize generated HI, an aldehyde end group forms if moisture is present because of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis (41). 

Megaw and Wiffen (1961) as well as Burke and Scott (1973) suggested that there was a minimum dose that must be deposited in a volume of air before the appearance of condensation nuclei. Similar results were obtained in our laboratory where the effects of ionization sources used to neutralize generated particles could themselves produce particles when a sufficiently high ionization density occured in a particular volume of air (Leong, et al., 1983). 

Wang, B.H. Dreisewerd, K. Bahr, U. Karas, M. Hillenkamp, F. Gas-Phase Ca-tionization and Protonation of Neutrals Generated by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1993,4, 393-398. 

F. Si-X Multiple Bond Containing Neutrals Generated in Ionic Dissociation Reactions. 481... 

An alternative route to 531 which bypasses the above-mentioned problems is the hydrolytic cleavage of N-TMS-acetamide (435) in ice water (73% yield) (equation 261)286. Furthermore, the hydrolysis of hexamethyldisilazane (405) by means of IN hydrochloric acid which neutralizes generated ammonia gives rise to 531 (equation 262)287. 

Some treatment options, such as the use of stockpile incinerators, would destroy the non-stockpile item directly. Others, especially those involving chemical neutralization, generate liquid secondary waste streams that require further treatment before disposal. This secondary waste treatment could take place in a commercial treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF) or could employ one or more of the individual alternative technologies, such as chemical oxidation, either at the site where chemical neutralization takes place or at an off-site location. If secondary waste is defined as hazardous waste, such treatment would need to be conducted at a commercial TSDF permitted or approved by the appropriate regulatory authority under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). 

This is the same conclusion reached by the committee in reference to transportation of neutralents generated by the RRS and MMD systems in NRC (2001a, p. 19). 

As discussed in Chapter 2, the chemical composition of the EDS neutralents may be more complex and variable than that of the neutralents from the MMD owing to the presence of energetics, their decomposition products, metals extracted from the munitions hardware and shaped charge residues, and miscellaneous compounds that may have been present in the munitions. Some of the metals identified in EDS neutralents generated at RMA and Porton Down are quite toxic to humans and/or the environment (e.g., Pb, Hg, Cd, As, and Ag) and, depending on their concentrations, could well contribute to the toxicity of the neutralents. In... 

However, since the chemical composition of the neutralents produced by the destruction of different types of munitions could vary substantially, a number of representative neutralents would have to be subjected to toxicity tests in order to accurately predict hazards to humans and the environment Because the time and cost of such an endeavor would be prohibitive and would strongly reduce the likelihood of meeting the CWC s 2007 deadline, toxicity tests on the neutralents generated by EDS would not be practical, and toxicity estimates should instead be based on the most complete chemical analyses possible using standard EPA risk assessment methodologies. 

A key question in NR MS experiments is whether or not the intermediate neutrals retain the atom connectivity of the precursor ions. Structures of neutrals generated in NR MS experiments can be elucidated by comparison of CID mass spectra of the ion prior to their neutralization with CID mass spectra of the ions surviving neutralization-reionization. If the CID mass spectra are close to each other then it is a good indication that the structures of the ions before and after the NR event are the same. 

Finding. Based on the amount of neutralent expected from planned operations at Deseret Chemical Depot and Dugway Proving Ground, the volume of neutralents generated by the RRS and MMD is expected to be relatively small—on the... 

If 40 to 45 CAIS ampoules or 12 to 15 CAIS bottles are treated per day, the estimated volume of neutralent generated would be less than 15 gallons per day (U.S. Army, 1999a). The 1,189 CAIS items located at Deseret Chemical Depot are expected to generate a total of about 468 gallons of liquid neutralent (Gieseking, 1999). ... 

The neutralents generated by the RRS will primarily include hazardous waste and hazardous materials, which make them subject to RCRA and DOT requirements. If these are the only constituents, the neutralent could be transported as a routine hazardous waste or hazardous material under existing laws and regulations as long as it was properly packaged, marked, manifested, and shipped as required by those regulations. 

The stability and unimolecular reactivity of the neutral generated in the neutralization step are characterized by the mass spectrum arising after reionization. The presence of a recovery peak in this spectrum provides evidence that the neutral intermediate has survived intact i.e. undissociated) for microsecond(s). Whether it has retained the connectivity of the precursor ion is judged by comparison of the NR spectrum to the CAD spectrum of the precursor ion or the NR spectra of other, usually stable and known isomers. Both these strategies are presented below with representative examples. 

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