Alkyl sulfates combined alcohol

A.lkyl Sulfosuccinate Half Asters. These detergents are prepared by reaction of maleic anhydride and a primary fatty alcohol, followed by sulfonation with sodium bisulfite. A typical member of this group is disodium lauryl sulfosucciaate [26838-05-1]. Although not known as effective foamers, these surfactants can boost foams and act as stabilizers when used ia combination with other anionic surfactants. In combination with alkyl sulfates, they are said to reduce the irritation effects of the latter (6). 

Three generations of latices as characterized by the type of surfactant used in manufacture have been defined (53). The first generation includes latices made with conventional (/) anionic surfactants like fatty acid soaps, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, and alkyl sulfonates (54) (2) nonionic surfactants like poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(vinyl alcohol) used to improve freeze—thaw and shear stabiUty and (J) cationic surfactants like amines, nitriles, and other nitrogen bases, rarely used because of incompatibiUty problems. Portiand cement latex modifiers are one example where cationic surfactants are used. Anionic surfactants yield smaller particles than nonionic surfactants (55). Often a combination of anionic surfactants or anionic and nonionic surfactants are used to provide improved stabiUty. The stabilizing abiUty of anionic fatty acid soaps diminishes at lower pH as the soaps revert to their acids. First-generation latices also suffer from the presence of soap on the polymer particles at the end of the polymerization. Steam and vacuum stripping methods are often used to remove the soap and unreacted monomer from the final product (56). 

Ethoxylated methylcarboxylates Propoxyethoxy glyceryl sulfonate Alkylpropoxyethoxy sulfate as surfactant, xanthan, and a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CME) Polyethylene oxide (PEG) as a sacrificial adsorbate Polyethylene glycols, propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl sulfates Mixtures of sulfonates and nonionic alcohols Combination of lignosulfonates and fatty amines Alkyl xylene sulfonates, polyethoxylated alkyl phenols, octaethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether, and tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride Anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TTAC), nonionic pentadecylethoxylated nonylphenol (NP-15), and nonionic octaethylene glycol N-dodecyl ether Dimethylalkylamine oxides as cosurfactants and viscosifiers (N-Dodecyl)trimethylammonium bromide Petrochemical sulfonate and propane sulfonate of an ethoxylated alcohol or phenol Petrochemical sulfonate and a-olefin sulfonate... 

Cationic surfactants are not used as the primary surfactant in laundry detergents, as this responsibility falls on the commodity surfactants such as linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, ethoxylated alcohols and alkyl sulfates. Nevertheless, over the past 20 years there has been extensive art claiming the use of cationics to improve the performance of their anionic counterparts [67,69,70]. A combination of an alkyl phosphate (AP) and (note APE = alkyl... 

Sampling and analysis of alkyl sulfates is the subject of ASTM standard D1570 (7). It recommends determination of water by azeotropic distillation, pH on a 0.1% aqueous solution, alkalinity by sequential titration, ethanol-insolubles, unsulfated material by liquid-liquid extraction, combined alcohol by saponification and extraction, and ester SO3 by saponification and titration or gravimetric determination of sulfate. Methods for free chloride and sulfate are also specified. 

There are separate ISO standards for primary and secondary alkyl sulfates (i.e., for products made from primary or secondary alcohols). The ISO standard covering primary alkyl sulfates specifies neutral oil by extraction from ethanol/water solution, total combined alcohols by ether extraction after acid hydrolysis, pH of a 10% aqueous solution, water by titration if below 10% or by azeotropic distillation if above 5%, and chloride by titration (60). The standard covering secondary alkyl sulfates is similar, but combined alcohols are not determined. Assay is by determination of total solids after extraction of the neutral oil, corrected for the presence of other impurities (61). 

GC methods are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. Sulfates of alcohols and ethoxylated alcohols are readily decomposed by acid hydrolysis to yield the free alcohols or ethoxylated alcohols. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of these are easily analyzed by gas chromatography (24). Derivatization of the alcohols may be omitted if they have reasonable volatility (25). Alternatively, the surfactant may be decomposed by hydriodic acid, giving alkyl iodide derivatives of the starting alcohols for characterization by gas chromatography (26). Hydrolysis can be combined in the same step with derivatization. Reaction of alkyl sulfates with silylating agents such as BSTFA/1% TMCS results in cleavage of the sulfate and formation of the trimethylsilyl ethers of the alcohols (27). GC or GC-MS analysis will... 

Alcohol ether sulfates are used in mixture with sulfonates, either alkyl-benzenesulfonates or a-olefinsulfonates, and other surfactants, such as fatty alkanolamides, in manual liquid dishwashing detergents and light-duty detergents. These combinations show the excellent emulsifying and foaming properties required in dishwashing. 

Vineland, NJ) or over-the-counter cosmetic creams promoted for improved hydration (L Oreal, Paris and Dior, Paris). More recently, parenteral liposome formulations of amphotericin B, doxorubicin, and dau-norubicin have been approved and marketed (ABELCET, Elan, the Liposome Co., Inc, Princeton, NJ AmBisome and DaunoXome, Nexstar/Fujisawa, Deerfield Park, IL Amphotec and Doxil, Sequus/ Alza, Menlo Park, CA), with others on the horizon for applications in photodynamic therapy. Although the vast majority of liposome preparations are constructed from phospholipids, other nonphospholipid materials can be used either alone or in mixtures to form bilayer arrays. One such example is Amphotec, which utilizes sodium cholesteryl sulfate as the primary lipid. Other liposome forming materials may include but are not limited to fatty-acid compositions, ionized fatty acids, or fatty acyl amino acids, longchain fatty alcohols plus surfactants, ionized lysophospholipids or combinations, non-ionic or ionic surfactants and amphiphiles, alkyl maltosides, a-tocopherol esters, cholesterol esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, sorbitan alkyl esters, and polymerized phospholipid compositions. ° ... 

Of the activated alcohols described in Section 1.1.2.S.1, alkyl sulfonates ate convenient alkylating re-agents because they can be readily prepared and handled. The correct choice of sulfate-alcoholate combination is often crucial for successful ether synthesis. Thus, for the preparation of cholesteryl ethers from the tosyl derivative of cholesterol and alkoxides, the reaction must be carried out at 110 °C for 2.S h in a sealed tube. Alternatively, the sodium salt of cholesterol can be reacted with an alkyl mesylate at 80 °C for 1 h in DMF to give the corresponding ether in 62-68% yield. ... 

G. Platz, C. Thunig, J. Policke. W, Kirchhoff, D. Nickel, Phase behavior of alkyl-poly g I ucos ides in combination with fatty alcohols and alky (sulfates. Colloids Surfaces A 88 113-122. 1994. 

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