Sulfocarboxylic acids

Sulfon-ierung,/. sulfonation. -saure,/. sulfonic acid, -saurecarbonsaure, /. sulfocarboxylic acid. R (S0aH)C02H. 

In order to introduce an S03 group into long-chain fatty acids, direct sulfonation with sulfur trioxide had been suggested in 1962 [29], similar to the Hell-Volhard-Zelinskii reaction of the a-bromation studied by Watson [34], Ten years previously de Boer had reviewed this mechanism among others for lower aliphatic sulfocarboxylic acids [35]. The sulfonation process was proposed as a two-step mechanism. The first step is the rapid addition of the S03 into... 

Aqueous solutions of bisulfites react with olefins in the presence of oxygen or certain oxidizing agents. Addition of the bisulfite takes place by a free-radical mechanism contrary to Markownikoff s rule. The yields of sulfonates are usually low (12-62%). Styrene gives mainly 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethanesulfonic acid. Bisulfite has also been added to the double bonds in allyl and cinnamyl alcohols. /3-Sulfocarboxylic acids are prepared in this way from a,/3-olefinic acids. /3,/3-Disulfopropionic acid is made in 80% yield by the addition of two molecules of bisulfite to... 

The important classes of inexpensive, nonvolatile buffers include polycarboxylic acids such as adipic, hydroxycarboxylic acids such as hydroxypropionic, and sulfocarboxylic acids such... 

Sulfocarboxylic Acids. Measured sulfonation rate constants are presented in Table I. The sulfonation reactions follow a second-order mechanism ... 

The hydroxy acids did not degrade as fast as the dicarboxylic and sulfocarboxylic acids. The maximum degradation constant observed with these acids was 0.2 M"1 with hydroxypropionic acid at pH 4.5 with no Mn. Run AA2 with 10 mM adipic, 10 mlj[ hydroxy-acetic, and 1 mM Mn at pH 5.5 gave k,j values of 0.5 M" for adipic and less than 0.1 for hydroxyacetic. 

At the same time, surfactants like alkylbenzene sulfonates remain the most widely used basis for laundry detergents. Anionics remain the main products for making detergent compositions. Some of the application aspects of relatively new types of anionics (a-olefin sulfonates, sulfocarboxylic acids, alkyl phosphates etc.), whose commercial manufacture began in the 60-ties - 70-ties of the 20 century, are described by Stache [95]. The application of conventional types of nonionics like ethoxylated alcohols or alkyl phenols is presented in [13 -14], Alkyl polyglycosides were widely used in the last 5-8 years [96]. However, the main tendency in the development of new generation detergents is the use of surfactant mixtures in their optimum composition [97, 98]. 

Lithium tetrahijdridoborate a-Hydroxymethylsul onic acids from a-sulfocarboxylic acid esters... 

Sulfocarboxylic acid anhydrides 1-Alkoxy-l-sulfonyloxy compds. 1-Aryloxy-l-sulfonyloxy compds. 

Acoxy-l-sulfonyloxy compds. a-Sulfocarboxylic acids 0-Sulfonyl-a-hydroxycarboxylic -... 

Sulfamylcarboxylic acid esters from sulfocarboxylic acid anhydrides via sulfo- and chlorosulfonyl-carboxylic acid esters G s. 18, 349... 

Sodium hydroxide Sulfonic and carboxylic acids from a-sulfocarboxylic acids... 

Without additional reagents Sulfocarboxylic acid esters from sulf ocarboxylic acid anhydrides... 

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