Alkoxylated surfactants

The cell tests consisted of three steps (1) In the first step, the cell was charged with approximately equal volumes of CO2 and an aqueous solution of the test surfactant in reservoir brine. The desired behavior was formation of an emulsion-like dispersion of the C02-rich phase in the aqueous phase. (2) In the second step, a small amount of reservoir oil was added. Desirable surfactants formed three-phase dispersions in which both the C02 rich and oil-rich phases were dispersed in the aqueous phase. (The crude oil was not miscible with CO2.) (3) In the third step of the test, the amount of oil in the cell was increased until it was somewhat larger than the volumes of CO2 and of aqueous phase. Although relatively few surfactants passed this third step, the desired dispersion structure was believed to be droplets of the C02-rich phase dispersed in the continuous oleic phase, with films of aqueous surfactant solution encasing the dispersed droplets (42,43, S. L. Wellington, Shell Development Company, personal communication, November 13, 1987). "Foaminess" tests performed under these conditions correlated with the results of flooding experiments. Both nonionic alkoxylated surfactants and their anionic sulfonated derivatives were tested by these methods (42,43). 

The first case history we will discuss is a medium sized chemical company, Whitestone Chemical Co. which is a department of BASF Wyandotte Corporation. They manufacture specialty organic chemicals and are located in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Whitestone manufactures primarily alkoxylates surfactants from... 

Silicone emollients are often used in skin products such as moisturizers and antiperspirants because of their ease of spreading and nonoily feel. In addition, the volatile cyclomethicones can provide a cooling sensation as they evaporate after application. Microemulsions can be formed by using nonionic alkoxylated surfactants or dimethicone copolyol surfactants as shown in Table 15. 

For any given alkoxylated surfactant, X is defined as the sum of protons attached to carbon atoms that are adjacent to oxygen, whereas Y is the sum of all the protons attached to carbon atoms that are nonadjacent to oxygen. There is a specific X/Y ratio that describes a desired hydro-phobic-to-hydrophilic ratio for nonionic surfactants, and the structure of these surfactants is represented in Figure 3.5. 

Alkoxylated surfactants will require construction of manufacturing facilities adjacent to EO production facilities to receive EO over the fence to achieve competitive economics and guarantee surety of supply. 

Koemig, W. (2000). Production of alkoxylated surfactants. In Proceedings 5th World Surfactants Gon-gress GESIO. Firenze, Italy, May 29 to June 2. 

W Koemig. Production of alkoxylated surfactants. Proceedings of CESIO 5th World Surfactants Congress, Florence, 2000, Vol. 1, pp 11-23. 

Chem. Desorip. Alkoxylated surfactant Ionic Nature Nonionic... 

Precise characterization of surfactants in used formulations, such as the recycled solutions used to remove oil after metal-forming operations, normally requires some preliminary separation. For example, HPLC analysis of alkoxylated surfactants is possible if the sample is cleaned up by solid phase extraction on silica. Water is first removed by azeotropic distillation, then organic material is taken up in methylene chloride and passed through the SPE column. After elution of oil and grease with methylene chloride, the nonionic surfactants are removed with methanol (17). 

Ethylenediamine Alkoxylates. The reaction 1,2-alkylene oxides with ethylenediamine forms the basis of a series of surfactants of the following general stmcture ... 

Ether carboxylates are used not only in powdered detergents but in liquid laundry detergents for their hard water stability, lime soap dispersibility, and electrolyte stability they improve the suspension stability and rheology of the electrolyte builder [130,131]. Formulations based particularly on lauryl ether carboxylate + 4.5 EO combined with fatty acid salt and other anionic surfactants are described [132], sometimes in combination with quaternary compounds as softeners [133,163]. Ether carboxylates show improved cleaning properties as suds-controlling agents in formulations with ethoxylated alkylphenol or fatty alcohol, alkyl phosphate esters or alkoxylate phosphate esters, and water-soluble builders [134]. 

Amine salts of acrylate ester polymers, which are physiologically acceptable and useful as surfactants, are prepared by transesterifying alkyl acrylate polymers with 4-morpholinethanol or alkanolamines and fatty alcohols or alkoxyl-ated alkylphenols and neutralizing with phosphoric acid. This polymer salt (pH of a 10% aqueous solution = 5.1) was used as an emulsifying agent for oils and waxes [70]. 

The development of monoalkyl phosphate as a low skin irritating anionic surfactant is accented in a review with 30 references on monoalkyl phosphate salts, including surface-active properties, cutaneous effects, and applications to paste and liquid-type skin cleansers, and also phosphorylation reactions from the viewpoint of industrial production [26]. Amine salts of acrylate ester polymers, which are physiologically acceptable and useful as surfactants, are prepared by transesterification of alkyl acrylate polymers with 4-morpholinethanol or the alkanolamines and fatty alcohols or alkoxylated alkylphenols, and neutralizing with carboxylic or phosphoric acid. The polymer salt was used as an emulsifying agent for oils and waxes [70]. Preparation of pharmaceutical liposomes with surfactants derived from phosphoric acid is described in [279]. Lipid bilayer vesicles comprise an anionic or zwitterionic surfactant which when dispersed in H20 at a temperature above the phase transition temperature is in a micellar phase and a second lipid which is a single-chain fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or fatty alcohol which is in an emulsion phase, and cholesterol or a derivative. 

Hilarides and others (1994) investigated the destruction of TCDD on artificially contaminated soils using °Co y radiation. It appeared that TCDD underwent stepwise reduction dechlorination from tetra- to tri-, then di- to chlorodioxin, and then to presumably nonchlorinated dioxins and phenols. The investigators discovered that the greatest amount of TCDD destruction (92%) occurred when soils were amended with 25% water and 2% nonionic surfactant [alkoxylated fatty alcohol (Plurafac RA-40)]. Replicate experiments conducted without the surfactant lowered the rate of TCDD destruction. 

Industrial surfactants find uses in almost every industry, from asphalt manufacturing to carpet fibers, from pulp and paper production to leather processing. Examples of the types of chemicals used as surfactants are fatty alcohol sulfates, alkanolamides, alkoxylates, sulfosuccinates, amines, quaternaries, phosphate esters, acid esters, blockcopolymers, betaines, imidazolines, alkyl sulfonates, etc. 

There are over 150 different producers and some 2 million tonnes of commercial nonionic surfactants manufactured worldwide of which at least 50% are alkoxylated alcohols. Ethoxylated nonylphenol production is falling and accounts for 20% of the market while alkoxylated fatty acids account for some 15%. Fatty acid amides and sugar esters account for another 10% and there are a large number of specialities making up the balance. In general, non-ionic surfactants are easy to make, relatively inexpensive and derived from a variety of feedstocks. 

Alkoxylated quaternary ammonium surfactants have been patented recently as performance boosters for detergent formulations [71 ]. 

A microemulsion fuel suitable for use in diesel engines has been prepared from diesel fuel, ethanol, traces of water and cationic surfactants as emulsifiers, plus other additives [94]. Suitable cationic surfactants are alkyl polyamines and their alkoxylates. The fuels benefit from improved lubricity. 

Non ionic Surfmers. The alkoxylation of polymerizable substrates has been for many years a source of building blocks for innovative surfactant species as well as for the synthesis ofhigh performance Surfmers. Some of the early experimental prototypes have evolved into commercial products and the growing understanding of structure-performance relationships... 

Fatty Amines. A variety of different fatty amines is used as intermediates for surfactant production. Primary amines are used to prepare alkoxylated amines. The primary amine is produced by reacting fatty acid with ammonia to form the nitrile followed by hydrogenation. Tertiary amines are used as an intermediate for producing betaine, amine oxide, and hydroxyl ethyl quat (HEQ). The tertiary amine is produced by reacting olefin with HBr followed by substitution with dimethylamine. 

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