Alkanolamine activators

Other Nitrogen Compounds. The basis of the sophisticated nitrogen compounds Hsted in Table 10 is the reaction of formaldehyde with amino compounds. A significant amount of Hterature details investigation of the mechanism of action, particularly whether or not the antimicrobial activity depends on decomposition to formaldehyde (40—42). These compounds tend to have substantial water solubiUty and are more effective against bacteria than fungi and yeasts. Key markets for these compounds are metalworking fluids, cosmetics, and in-can preservation of paints (see Alkanolamines Amines, fatty amines). 

Other oxazolines synthesized from alkanolamines ate useful as surface-active agents and corrosion inhibitors. Synthetic oxazoline waxes promote lubricity and mat resistance of coatings. 

The alkoxy titanate compounds formed by reaction of one mole of tetraalkyl titanate with one mole of a dialkanolamine are excellent esterification catalysts for the manufacture of phthalate-based plasticizers (112). If a 1 1 molar mixture of alkanolamine and water is used ia place of the alkanolamine, oligomeric titanate complexes are formed, which have high catalyst activity and can be used as thixotropic additives to paints and other aqueous coating formulations (113). 

High yields of optically active cyanohydrins have been prepared from hydrogen cyanide and carbonyl compounds using an enzyme as catalyst. Reduction of these optically active cyanohydrins with lithium aluminum hydride in ether affords the corresponding substituted, optically active ethanolamine (5) (see Alkanolamines). 

A chance observation made some time prior to the full structural elucidation of cocaine in fact led to one of the more important lasses of local anesthetics. It was found that the simple ethyl e. ter of p-aminobenzoic acid, benzocaine (25), showed activity. 1-. a local anesthetic. It is of interest to note that this drug, I 1rst introduced in 1903, is still in use today. Once the struc-iiire of cocaine was established, the presence of an alkanolamine iiiniety in cocaine prompted medicinal chemists to prepare esters "I aminobenzoic acids with acyclic alkanolamines. Formula 26 11 presents the putative relationship of the target substances with cocaine. 

The development of monoalkyl phosphate as a low skin irritating anionic surfactant is accented in a review with 30 references on monoalkyl phosphate salts, including surface-active properties, cutaneous effects, and applications to paste and liquid-type skin cleansers, and also phosphorylation reactions from the viewpoint of industrial production [26]. Amine salts of acrylate ester polymers, which are physiologically acceptable and useful as surfactants, are prepared by transesterification of alkyl acrylate polymers with 4-morpholinethanol or the alkanolamines and fatty alcohols or alkoxylated alkylphenols, and neutralizing with carboxylic or phosphoric acid. The polymer salt was used as an emulsifying agent for oils and waxes [70]. Preparation of pharmaceutical liposomes with surfactants derived from phosphoric acid is described in [279]. Lipid bilayer vesicles comprise an anionic or zwitterionic surfactant which when dispersed in H20 at a temperature above the phase transition temperature is in a micellar phase and a second lipid which is a single-chain fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or fatty alcohol which is in an emulsion phase, and cholesterol or a derivative. 

Achiral, C -symmetric unbridged metallocenes, 16 104 Achiral hydrobora ting agents, 13 667 Achiral molecules, 6 73 Acicular reinforcement, 5 554 Acid acceptors, in VDC polymer stabilization, 25 719 Acid-activated bentonites, 6 680-681 Acid amide herbicides, 13 319-320 Acid anhydrides, 10 403-406, 484 reactions with alkanolamines from olefin oxides and ammonia, 2 127 Acid-base catalysis, 5 205-209... 

Water treatment, 26 102-152. See also Aeration water treatment, Industrial water treatment ABS manufacture, 7 421-422 activated carbon application, 4 752 aerators, 26 158-170 alkanolamines from nitro alcohols, 2 120 coagulation and flocculation in,... 

DIPA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) have also been employed. Earlier, Atwood et al. (J 5) proposed a thermodynamic model for the equilibria in I S+alkanol-amine+H20 systems. The central feature of this model is the use of mean ionic activity coefficient. The activity coefficients of all ionic species are assumed to be equal and to be a function only of ionic strengths. Klyamer and Kolesnikova ( 1j[) utilized this model for correlation of equilibria in C02+alkanol-amine+H O systems and Klyamer et al. (J 7) extended it to the H2S+C02+alkanolamine+H20 system. The model is restricted to low pressures as the fugacity coefficients are assumed unity and it has been found that the predictions are inaccurate in the four-component system since the activity coefficients are not equal when a number of different cations and anions are present. 

Deshmukh and Mather ( 1 8) have recently presented a model for the equilibria in alkanolamine solutions using the ideas of Edwards et al. (6) for calculation of the activity coefficients. Here only the salient features of this model will be presented. The main reactions occuring in the C02+H2S+alkanolamine+H20... 

Derivatization After Desorption. Alkanolamines, highly polar basic compounds, present a difficult analytical problem. Although direct gas chromatographic separations can be achieved, this technique is not applicable to trace analysis due to sorption problems at trace concentrations. A derivatization/gas chromatographic procedure has been developed for the determination of alkanolamines in air as low as 100 ppb (54,55). The samples are collected on activated alumina and desorbed with an aqueous solution of 1-octanesulfonic acid. The... 

Alkoxylation with, for example, propylene oxide (PO). Preferred amine is triethanolamine, or ammonia and other alkanolamines used amine can also be quaternized Best example is triethanol with 14.9 PO units Contains vinyl ester acetal functionalities besides some unreacted vinyl alcohol monomer units. Preferred aldehyde is butyraldehyde Backbone, for example, polyalkylene glycol, polyalkyl-eneimine, polyether, or polyurethane, and active functional side groups made from grafting VP or VCap to backbone using radical initiators TBA (tributylammonium groups)... 

Combinations of physical and chemical absorption are also used, as in Shell s Sulfinol process in which a mixture of diisopropanolamine and sulfolane in water is utilized. For the hydrogen sulfide-free gases from the steam-reforming process, chemical scrubbing with activated potassium carbonate solutions or alkanolamines is preferred. In the case of hydrogen sulfide-containing gases from the partial oxidation process, physical absorption alone or in combination with chemical absorption is preferred. 

The activities of various alkanolamines have been examined in conjunction with the 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazolyl radical and benzophenone. In the case of the former the ability of the radical to abstract a hydrogen atom from the amine determines the extent of the cure while for benzophenone it is the degree of hydrogen atom abstraction, and hence cure is the same. Polymeric and monomeric sensitisers have been compared and the influence of initiator... 

Chain Extenders and Cross-linkers. In addition to the two principal components of most urethane coatings, isocyanate and polyol components, a number of di- or polyfunctional, active hydrogen components may be used as chain extenders or cross-linkers. The most important classes of compounds for this use are diols or polyols (monomers or oligomers), diamines, and alkanolamines. Typical examples of diols are ethylene, dlethylene, dlpropylene glycol, 1,4-butanedio1, 1,5-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol,... 

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