Alexanders

ALEXANDER L.CHIMISHKYAN D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology Moscow, Russia 

It is known that the hydrogen chloride effects destruction of Adamsite with formation of diphenylamine and arsenic trichloride. 

Also known is that the reaction of diphenylamine with another toxic agent, phosgene, is a method for production of acridone-9, a compound from a series of naphthoacridinic dyes. [4] 

We have used these two reactions for the mutual disposal of Adamsite and phosgene. Our preliminary investigation has shown that the best results can be obtained when phosgene is passed through an Adamsite/paraffin melt. At the high temperature of the process (190-200 C), arsenic trichloride vapours are removed from the reaction mass, where acridone-9 accumulates. We have also found that tetraphenylurea is present in the reaction mass. The process guarantees a high yield of arsenic trichloride. 

Bunnett and M. Mikoiajczyk (eds.). Arsenic and Old Mustard Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions, 155-156. 

Powell, Darryl. Titanium. Mineral Information Instimte. Available from http // www.mii.org/Minerals/phototitan.html . 

2) and later that same year flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These nucleotides are the molecules that carry and transfer energy in virtually all living organisms. These discoveries are not only important in the elucidation of the energy transfer mechanisms, but they also set a precedent for the synthesis of nucleotides and the precursors of DNA and RNA. These accomplishments required the utmost skill in the art of organic synthesis because nucleotides are very difficult substances to prepare and characterize. 

Todd also did significant work on the structure and synthesis of vitamin Bi2, vitamin E, and a number of alkaloids. The most noteworthy of these contributions was the elucidation of the structure of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of marijuana. 

Todd was named president of the Royal Academy in 1975. He was also a member of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and several prestigious European societies. Todd served as the chairman of the British government s advisory committee on scientific policy from 1952 until 1964. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1957 for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzyme studies. He was knighted in 1954 and died in 1997. see also Nucleotide. 

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid—fhe natural polymer that stores genetic information in the nucleus of a cell 

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Two alternative means around the difficulty have been used. One, due to Pethica [267] (but see also Alexander and Barnes [268]), is as follows. The Gibbs equation, Eq. III-80, for a three-component system at constant temperature and locating the dividing surface so that Fi is zero becomes... 

Fig. IV 23. Penetration of cholesterol monolayers by CTAB (hexadecyl-trimethylam-monium bromide. [From D. M. Alexander, G. T. Barnes, M. A. McGregor, and K. Walker, Phenomena in Mixed Surfactant Systems, in J. F. Scamehom, ed., ACS Symposium Series 311, p. 133, 1986 (Ref. 269). Copyright 1986, American Chemical Society.]...

Reactions in which a product remains in the him (as above) are complicated by the fact that the areas of reactant and product are not additive, that is, a nonideal mixed him is formed. Thus Gilby and Alexander [310], in some further studies of the oxidation of unsaturated acids on permanganate substrates, found that mixed hlms of unsaturated acid and dihydroxy acid (the immediate oxidation product) were indeed far from ideal. They were, however, able to ht their data for oleic and erucic acids fairly well by taking into account the separately determined departures from ideality in the mixed hlms. 

Alexander M H and Manolopoulos D E 1987 A stable linear reference potential algorithm for solution of the quantum close-coupled equations in molecular scattering theory J. Chem. Phys. 86 2044-50... 

Alexander A J, Brouard M, Kalogerakis K S and Simons J P 1998 Chemistry with a sense of direction—the stereodynamics of bimolecular reactions Chem. See. Rev. 27 405-15... 

Alexander S 1962 Exchange of interacting nuclear spin in nuclear magnetic resonance. I. Intramolecular exchange J. Chem. Phys. 37 967-74... 

More sophisticated approaches to describe double layer interactions have been developed more recently. Using cell models, the full Poisson-Boltzmann equation can be solved for ordered stmctures. The approach by Alexander et al shows how the effective colloidal particle charge saturates when the bare particle charge is increased [4o]. Using integral equation methods, the behaviour of the primitive model has been studied, in which all the interactions between the colloidal macro-ions and the small ions are addressed (see, for instance, [44, 45]). 

We will focus on one experimental study here. Monovoukas and Cast studied polystyrene particles witli a = 61 nm in potassium chloride solutions [86]. They obtained a very good agreement between tlieir observations and tire predicted Yukawa phase diagram (see figure C2.6.9). In order to make tire comparison tliey rescaled the particle charges according to Alexander et al [43] (see also [82]). At high electrolyte concentrations, tire particle interactions tend to hard-sphere behaviour (see section C2.6.4) and tire phase transition shifts to volume fractions around 0.5 [88]. 

Alexander S, Chaikin P M, Grant P, Morales G J, Pincus P and Hone D 1984 Charge renormalisation, osmotic pressure, and bulk modulus of colloidal crystals theory J. Chem. Phys. 80 5776-81... 

We thank Dr. Alexander Alijah for helpful discussions. This work was supported by Funda9ao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, Portugal,... 

Volkov, S.N. Conformational transitions and the mechanism of transmission of long-range effects in DNA. Preprint ITP-88-12E, Kiev (1988) 22 Krumhansl, J.A., Alexander, D.M. Nonlinear dynamics and conformational exitations in biomolecular materials. In Structure and dynamics nucleic acids and proteins. (Clementi, E., Sarma, R.H., eds) Adenine Press, New York (1983) 61-80... 

Pittman, J. F.T. and Nakazawa, S., 1984. Finite element analysis of polymer processing operations. In Pittman, J.F. T., Zienkiewicz, O.C., Wood, R.D. and Alexander, J. M. (eds), Num,erical Analysis of Forming Processes, Wiley, Chichester. 

This procedure has been performed in a variety of ways [28 p714, 38-42] with variations in solvent, base and time of reaction. For piperonal conversion, the consensus is toward the use of acetic acid as the solvent, ammonium acetate as the base and 4 hours of reflux time. Dr. Alexander Shulgin, a giant in this field, prefers the use of cyclohexylamine as the base. Strike would not tend to doubt this man s choice, especially since Strike is also getting the... 

In Pihkal, Alexander Shulgin mentions that the preparation of MDP-nitropropene can be carried out in cold methanol with aqueous sodium hydroxide as the base. In fact, this method is even more reliable, and gives higher yields than the other method advocated by the dear doctor in his book. 

From the concept of isomerism we can trace the origins of the structural theory—the idea that a precise arrangement of atoms uniquely defines a substance Ammonium cyanate and urea are different compounds because they have different structures To some degree the structural theory was an idea whose time had come Three scientists stand out however for independently proposing the elements of the structural theory August Kekule Archibald S Couper and Alexander M Butlerov... 

The discoverer of penicillin Sir Alexander Fleming has appeared on two stamps This 1981 Hungarian issue includes both a likeness of Fleming and a structural for mula for penicillin... 

In 1875 Alexander M Zaitsev of the University of Kazan (Russia) set forth a gen erahzation describing the regioselectivity of p eliminations Zaitsev s rule summarizes the results of numerous experiments m which alkene mixtures were produced by p elim matron In its original form Zaitsev s rule stated that the alkene formed in greatest amount is the one that corresponds to removal of the hydrogen from the f3 carbon hav mg the fewest hydrogens... 

The reaction is named for Alexander Williamson a British chemist who used it to prepare diethyl ether in 1850... 

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