Clark, Alexander

I appreciate the helpful suggestions made by Dr. Alexander Rich, Prof. Christian Bauer, Dr. Walter Bodmer, Drs. Joseph and Celia Bonaventura, Dr. Sydney Brenner, Prof. Maur-izio Brunori, Dr. H. Frank Bunn, Prof. Patricia H. Clarke, Dr. Thomas E. Creighton, Dr. Richard E. Koehn, Dr. Arthur M. Lesk, Dr. Richard C. Lewontin, Dr. Robin N. Perutz, and Dr. Graham Shelton concerning this paper. To all these colleagues I wish to express my gratitude. 

Biodegradation can be accelerated in a prepared bed reactor with forced aeration. These reactors (Figure 1.2) are used at many Superfund sites for bioremediation of PAHs and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) (Alexander, 1994). This method, with recirculating leachate, was used to reduce the average total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration in a diesel-contaminated soil from 6200 mg/kg dry soil to 280 mg/kg in approximately 7 weeks (Reynolds et al., 1994). A bed reactor with forced aeration was also used to treat 115 000 m3 of soil contaminated with bunker C fuel oil (Compeau, Mahaffey Patras, 1991) and 23 000 m3 of soil contaminated with gasoline and fuel oil (Block, Clark Bishop, 1990). 

Examples of other recombinant enzymes in which an alteration using site-directed mutagenesis resulted in altered substrate binding efficiencies, rates of catalysis, or stability include carbonic anhydrase (Alexander, Nair Christianson, 1991), lactate dehydrogenase (Feeney, Clarke Holbrook, 1990), and several industrially important proteases (Wells etal., 1987 Siezenera/., 1991 Teplyakovcra/., 1992 Aehle et al., 1993 Rheinnecker et al., 1994). 

Wang C, Eyre DR, Clark R, Kleinberg D, Newman C, Iranmanesh A, Veldhuis J, Dudley RE, Berman N, Davidson T, Barstow TJ, Sinow R, Alexander G, Swerdloff RS. Sublingual testosterone replacement improves muscle mass and strength, decreases bone resorption, and increases bone formation markers in hypo-gonadal men—a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996 81(10) 3654-62. 

Used widely in synthetic macromolecular and natural biopolymer fields to evaluate structural and thermodynamic properties of macromolecular materials, thermal analytical methods have been applied to assist in the characterization of natural organic matter (NOM). Originally applied to whole soils, early thermal studies focused on qualitative and quantitative examination of soil constituents. Information derived from such analyses included water, organic matter, and mineral contents (Matejka, 1922 Tan and Hajek, 1977), composition of organic matter (Tan and Clark, 1969), and type of minerals (Matejka, 1922 Hendricks and Alexander, 1940). Additional early studies applied thermal analyses in a focused effort for NOM characterization, including structure (Turner and Schnitzer, 1962 Ishiwata, 1969) and NOM-metal complexes (e.g., Schnitzer and Kodama, 1972 Jambu et al., 1975a,b Tan, 1978). Summaries of early thermal analytical methods for soils and humic substances may be found in Tan and Hajek (1977) and Schnitzer (1972), respectively, while more current reviews of thermal techniques are provided by Senesi and Lof-fredo (1999) and Barros et al. (2006). 

A Photophysical and Quantum Chemical Assay at the Department of Physical Chemistry and the Computer Chemie Centrum in the groups of Prof. Dr. Dirk M. Guldi and Prof. Dr. Timothy Clark at the Friedrich -Alexander-University in Erlangen... 

A comparison of disk-dispersal timescales, such as that presented in Fig. 1 of Hollenbach et al. (2000), suggests that viscous spreading and photoevaporafion are the major dispersal mechanisms. Models combining these two mechanisms were first developed by Clarke etal. (2001) and later refined by Alexander etal. (2006a,b). The evolution of an accreting and photoevaporating disk can be summarized as follows. In the first 106 7yr viscous evolution proceeds relatively unperturbed by photoevaporafion. Once the viscous accretion inflow rates fall below the photoevaporation rates a gap opens up close to rg and the inner disk rapidly ( 105 yr) drains onto the central star. At this point direct ionization of the disk inner edge (the flux is not anymore attenuated by the inner-disk atmosphere) disperses the... 

Alexander, R. D., Clarke, C. J., Pringle, J. E. 2006a, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 369, 216. 

Brett TJ,Alexander JM, Clark JL, Ross CR,Harbison GS,Stezowski JJ (1999) Chem Commun 14 1275... 

W. Juda, N.W. Rosenberg, J.A. Marinsky and A.A. Kasper, Electrochemical properties of ion exchange resins. I. Donnan equilibria, membrane potential and conductivities, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1953, 74, 3736 J.T. Clarke, J.A. Marinsky, W. Juda, N.W. Rosenberg and S. Alexander, Electrochemical properties of a permionic anion membrane, J. Phys. Chem., 1952, 56, 100. 

C. A. Shapoff, D. C. Alexander, A. E. Clark Clinial use of bioactive glass particulate in the treatment of human osseus defects. Compend Contin Educ. Dent. 18, 352 (1997). 

Ormston, B. J., Alexander, L., Evered, D. C., Clark, F., Bird, T., Appleton, D., and Hall, R., Th)o-otrophin response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in ophthalmic Graves disease Correlation with other aspects of thyroid function, thyroid suppressibility and activity of eye signs. Clin. Endocrinol. 2, 369-376... 

In chapter 1 we noted the probable influence of the Common-Sense school on Couper s fellow Scots/English chemists Williamson and Graham. In reference to the 1826-27 atomistic formulas of the Glaswegian chemist Thomas Clark, W. V. Farrar has seen "a climate of thought in Scotland favourable to naive structuralism," and argued for a culmination of this trend in the formulas of Couper and Alexander Crum Brown. More broadly, Richard Olson has explored the influence of Scottish Common-Sense philosophy on British physics. This philosophical school arose in Thomas Reid s opposition to the skeptical writings... 

Catalase P high in effective nodules B, R Francis and Alexander (1972) Clark (1972)... 

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