Salts alcohols

C3 and higher alcohols > Salts of lower fatty acids... 

This problem was resolved by Nakae et al. [7] using non-polar octadecylsilica as the stationary phase and a solution of 0.1 M of sodium perchlorate in methanol/water (80 20) as the mobile phase. The ternary system (water-alcohol-salt), previously used by Fudano and Konishi [8] as an eluent for the separation of ionic surfactants at higher concentrations, induced the so-called salting out effect . The addition of the organic solvent to the water modified the polarity of the eluent and produced a good separation within a short period of time [9]. It also has the function of dissociating the surfactant micelles in individual molecules that are dissolved in the eluent [8], The presence of the salt (NaC104) in the mobile phase has a considerable influence on... 

To a solution or suspension in alcohol of 0.1 mole of methyl mercuric chloride is added 0.1 mole of sodium hydroxide in water and 0.1 mole of thiosalicylic acid in ethanol. The product is poured into water, whereupon the methyl mercurithiosalicylic acid is precipitated, since it is insoluble in water. This precipitate can be collected on a filter, and washed well with water to remove all the alcohol, salts, and free inorganic acids. The washed precipitate may then be dissolved in a water solution of sodium hydroxide, or, better, in a water solution of sodium bicarbonate. This produces the water-soluble salt of the methyl mercurithiosalicylic acid. 

NaCl, unreacted alcohol, salts of thiophosphoric acid, caustic and other impurities are washed from ethyl monochloride in flushing settling box 7. 

The success of the method employing Li/MeNH2 again arises from the formation of the aldehyde in a protected form. In this case it is the amino alcohol salt (2 Scheme 2). As shown in Scheme 2, the reaction mixture is quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and may then be extracted with pentane, to yield an imine, or with ether and washed with acid to give the aldehyde. The imine is clearly not the protected form of the aldehyde, as it is reduced to the corresponding secondary amine under the conditions of the reaction. The reaction succeeds for aliphatic saturated acids, and also for one example... 

Properties White to yellow crystals. Mp 145C (anhydrous). Iinsoluble in water soluble in ether, alcohol. Salts of berberine are berberine bisulfate, berberine sulfate, and berberine hydrochloride. All three are yellow crystals, slightly soluble in water. 

Of the above-mentioned techniques, thermodynamic inhibitors, which include alcohols, salts, and glycols, are by far the most prevalent. For example, adding methanol to a natural gas will shift the equilibrium conditions so that a higher pressure is required to form hydrates, at a given temperature, as illustrated for methane in Fig. 3. Methods for estimating the saturation water content of natural gases and amounts of methanol or glycol required to suppress hydrate formation are discussed by Katz, Sloan,and Campbell. Current practice for the estimations is to use computer software based on phase equilibrium calculations. ... 

Viscosity modifiers are used to achieve the desired product viscosity. These include alcohols, salts, polymers, and hydrotropes. Viscosity adjustment with polymers, particularly in the high surfactant concentrations of ultra LDLD formulations, can be challenging. Acids, such as citric or sulfuric acids, or bases, such as hydroxide, are also added to bring the product pH to the desired level. 

Nierling W, Nordmeier E. Studies on polyelectrolyte solutions. VII. Fast, heterogeneous, and slow diffusion modes of polytdiallyl-ALV-dimethylammoniiim chloride) in aqueous alcoholic salt solvents. Polym J 1997 29 795-806. 

How do you feel about the use of tobacco, alcohol, salt, chemical pesticides, and being overweight and sedentary ... 

Antistat BH>201. ibertint Chems.] Phosphated multi-chain alcohol salt cdtesive type antistat for synthetic and natural fibers and fabrics. 

Removal of alcohol salt and other low molecular weight substances can be done most efficiently with UF in the diafiltration mode. 

One of the major steps to enhancing the understanding of surfactant association structures is to investigate the phase equilibria of water-oil-surfactant mixtures. Since the pioneering contributions of P. Ekwall in Scandinavia and K. Shinoda in Japan, who analyzed ternary systems containing ionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively, extensive experimental work has been devoted to different kinds of microemulsion systems [7-20]. During recent decades, detailed descriptions of the phase behavior of many ternary (water-oil-surfactant), quaternary (water-oil-surfactant-alcohol), and even quinary (water-oil-surfactant-alcohol-salt) systems have been presented (for example, see Refs. 21-36). These studies have provided evidence for several new phases where the surfactant creates surfaces. Thus, in addition to bicontinuous microemulsions, one finds dilute lamellar phases (L ) [37-43] and liquid isotropic phases of randomly connected bilayers called... 

The incorporation of alcohol, salt, or another surfactant into a mixture of water, oil, and surfactant provides an additional degree of freedom that enables the adjustment of phase behavior [66]. A formulator may use such additives to control the phase sequence Winsor 1 Winsor III Winsor II and prepare microemulsions with predetermined properties [35,66]. 

Vegetable oil-based polyamides are usually prepared either by the crosscondensation polymerisation of diacids with suitable diamines (hexameth-ylene diamine for nylon 6,10 and nylon 6,9), or by the self-condensation polymerisation of amino-acids (o)-aminoundecanoic acid for nylon 11). Cross-condensation is usually a two-step reaction in which the alcoholic salt solution of the reactants is heated under pressure at a high temperature to obtain the desired polyamide. The self-condensation reaction of amino acids is usually carried out in an autoclave. The melted reactant is polymerised under relatively high pressure and temperature. In both the cases the reaction is performed under the blanket of an inert atmosphere. 

Held C, Prinz A, Wallmeyer V, Sadowski G (2012) Measuring and Modeling Alcohol/Salt Systems. Chem Eng Science submitted 68 328-339... 

Alcohol + salts of univalent metals at high concentration cause flock formation. 

Greve A, Kula MR (1991) Phase diagrams of new aqueous phase systems composed of aliphatic alcohol, salts and water. Fluid Phase Equil 62 53-63... 

We have studied three model systems of five-component mixtures oil -water - surfactant - alcohol - salt. Three different ionic surfactants have been used dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium hexadecyl benzene sulfonate (SHBS). The alcohol used was butanol its addition was necessary because the above surfactants alone could form microemulsions. The salt screened the electrostatic interactions between surfactant polar heads it reduced Cq In this way, a continuous structural evolution o/w - bicontinuous - w/o could be obtained by addition of salt. At each salinity, the size of the structural elements was the largest (maximum swelling Rq for droplets, bicontinuous structures) because the microemulsions coexisted with excess oil and/or water. 

It is noteworthy that, up to now, chiroptical phenomena have been the only means to determine association constants between salt and nylon-type polyamides in highly concentrated alcoholic salt solutions. Under these conditions, UV absorption spectroscopy is unsuitable because no suitably large changes of absorption in tlie bands between 185 and 220 nm were observed. Potentiometric determination of bound and unbound Ca failed because Ca " specific electrodes dissolve in the medium. Conductometric measurements were impossible because polymer needs high salt concentrations to dissolve and only very small differences would have to be measured due to com-plexation. Nevertheless, the complexation being now identified, it seems that it will be possible to confirm the Kc values using H NMR. Indeed, CaCl2 acts as a chemical... 

The Optimal Surfactant Formulation model can be considered as an extension of the PIT concept for complex surfactant mixtures. In 1973, the oil embargo caused a considerable amount of research aimed at enhanced oil recovery. Among the proposed methods were low-tension surfactant flooding processes, in which a surfactant solution was injected into the oil reservoir to produce a low interfacial tension between the crude oil and water, in order to reduce the capillary pressure resistance. The researchers were aiming at an optimal surfactant formulation , at which the interfacial tension has a minimum, i.e. at the balanced surfactant composition. The systems studied represented very complex mixtures, containing polydisperse surfactants, alcohols, salts, hydrocarbons, and water. Elaborate em-... 

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