Five-component mixtures

For a three-component mixture, there are only two alternative sequences. The complexity increases dramatically as the number of components increases. Figure 5.2 shows the alternative sequences for a five-component mixture. Table 5.1 shows the relationship between the number of products and the number of possible sequences for simple columns. ... 

Figure 5.2 Alternative sequences for the separation of a five-component mixture.

TABLE 5.5 Data for Five-Component Mixture of Aromatics to Be Separated by Distillation... 

The economics of the various methods that are employed to sequence multicomponent columns have been studied. For example, the separation of three-, four-, and five-component mixtures has been considered (44) where the heuristics (rules of thumb) developed by earlier investigators were examined and an economic analysis of various methods of sequencing the columns was made. The study of sequencing of multicomponent columns is part of a broader field, process synthesis, which attempts to formalize and develop strategies for the optimum overall process (45) (see Separation systems synthesis). 

Fig. 2.15 Positive ion ESI mass spectra under flow injection conditions for a five-component mixture. (A) Mass spectrum for the direct anal)rsis of the mixture of which only two components ionize in the positive ion mode ethidium bromide (MW 314 Da) andWY311 (MW 319 Da). (B) Mass spectrum of the CPC spin column eluate for the mixture without RNA present. Neither...

When 4-heteromethylene-2-phenyl-5(4H)-oxazolones 648 are reacted with diazomethane, a five component mixture 649-653 was obtained. The product ratio depends on the p-heteroatom of double bond (Scheme 7.207). ... 

A novel entry to decahydrocyclopentacyclooctene derivatives via the intramolecular photocycloaddition of fused a,/3-unsaturated y-lactones has been developed (80CC1011). Irradiation of the butenolide (153) in acetone solution gave both the fused and bridged photoadducts (154) and (155) (2-3 1). The major adduct was hydrolyzed, oxidized and esterified to afford (156). Reductive cleavage of the unsaturated keto ester (156) with lithium in ammonia afforded a five-component mixture of a,/3- and /3,y-unsaturated esters. Equilibration with 0.1M sodium methoxide in methanol converted the mixture into a single a,j8-unsaturated ester (157 Scheme 34). This annelative two-carbon ring expansion method may find application in the synthesis of ophiobolin and ceroplastol sesterterpenes. 

The sensitivity of the LTQ-Orbitrap is demonstrated using a mixture of synthetic standards of buspirone metabolites spiked into a rat plasma extract. The samples were analyzed with a standard 4.6-mm HPLC column. LC-MS/MS chromatograms for the five-component mixture obtained using the Orbitrap and the LTQ mass spectrometers are compared in Figs 5.8a and h. Also shown are MS/MS (m/z 402) spectra of the oxa-buspirone metabolite (R, = 7.4 min) at 10 pg on column in the Orbitrap (Fig. 5.8c) and LTQ (Fig. 5.8e). As discussed above, the MS/MS fragmentation spectra, obtained in the Orbitrap (Figs 5.8c and d), are very similar to those from the LTQ (Fig. 5.8e), and even at such low concentrations excellent mass accuracies are maintained. 

Dual LIF and amperometric detection are used to detect a five-component mixture (see Figure 7.24). The labeled amino acids (i.e., NBD-Arg, NBD-Phe, and NBD-Glu) are fluorescently detected. The EOF marker (DA) and internal standard (CAT) are amperometric ally detected. The fluorescent peaks are normalized to the internal standard, CAT. As a result, the RSD of migration time was improved from 2.7% to 0.8% [670]. 

Another type of tautomer was formed in a five-component mixture in CDCI3 when (15,25)- or (li , 2/ )-2-amino-l-phenyl-1,3-propanediol was reacted with substituted benzaldehydes and tautomers 35A, 35B, B, and 35C, C were identified in CDC13 solution (94MI2). 

Mujtaba and Macchietto (1994) presented an industrial case study in which dynamic optimisation method of Mujtaba and Macchietto (1993) is utilised for the development of the optimal operation of an entire batch distillation campaign where 100 batches of fresh charge have to be processed with secondary reprocessing of intermediate off-cuts. The process involved a complex separation of a five-component mixture of industrial interest, described using non-ideal thermodynamic models. In addition, the operation of the whole production campaign was subject to a number of resource constraints, for example -... 

Example 4.31 Column grand composite curves in a distillation column with a five-component mixture The... 

High-Speed Separation of a Five Component Mixture... 

Carry out the synthesis producing lour five-component mixtures. Screen the mixtures. 

Figure 23.4 Super-speed separation of a five-component mixture [reproduced with permission from E. Katz and R.P.W. Scott, J. Chromatogr., 253,159 (1982)]. Conditions sample, 0.2pl column, 2.5cm x 2.6mm i.d. stationary phase, Hypersil, 3.4 a.m mobile phase, 13 ml min pentane containing 2.2% methyl acetate (u=3.3cms 360bar UV detector, 254nm cell volume, 1.4nl time...

A five-component mixture is to be distilled with 99 percent recovery of the light and heavy keys in the distillate and bottoms (Table 19-3). Calculate the product compositions for the case of infinite reflux. Explain how these concentrations would shift as the reflux ratio was decreased using the compositions at minimum reflux as a guide. 

Fig. 1.6. Chromatogram of five-component mixture of metal complexes. From ref. 47.

A five-component mixture can be separated following 14 sequences, as shown in ... 

Table 7.24 Sequences for separating five-component mixture by simple columns ...

Figure 4.25. Sequential, isocratic elution using a stepwise reduction in solvent strength to identify a binary solvent of acceptable strength for elution of a five component mixture.

FIGURE 27-15 Typical outputs for a GC/MS system, in (a), the total ion current chromatogram of a five-component mixture is shown. The components were 1, A/-nitrosodimethylamine. 

Figure 18.1. Experimental parameter P proportional to concentration) vs. time t for a five-component mixture (A, B, C, D, and E). From H. B.

The example illustrated in Figure 13.2 of the determination of a five component mixture was designed with the help of the Gaussian equation... 

Product simplex for three-component mixtures is a triangle for four-component mixtures, it is a tetrahedron for five-component mixtures, it is a pentahedron etc. Inside one distillation subregion at m > n, product simplexes cross each other (i.e., one and the same feed point can simultaneously enter several product simplexes). 

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