Alcohols normal butyl alcohol

Normal Butyl Alcohol (50% v)— Anhydrous Ethyl Alcohol (50% v) Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (30% v)— Anhydrous Ethyl Alcohol (70% v) Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (30% v)— Anhydrous Isopropyl Alcohol (70% v) Normal Propyl Alcohol Secondary Butyl Alcohol Normal Butyl Alcohol Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (60% v)— Anhydrous Isopropyl Alcohol (40% v) Secondary Amyl Alcohol Amyl Alcohol (mixed isomers)... 

Normal butyl alcohol, propyl carbinol, n-butanol, 1-buianol, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH. B.p. 117 C. Manufactured by reduction of crotonaldehyde (2-buienal) with H2 and a metallic catalyst. Forms esters with acids and is oxidized first to butanal and then to butanoic acid. U.S. production 1978 300 000 tonnes. 

Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as normally shipped) Liquid Color Colorless Odor Mild somewhat alcoholic like butyl alcohol. 

When all the ethyl nitrite has been added, the reaction mixture is refluxed for approximately one hour, then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure (25 to 30 mm Hg) and at a maximum temperature of 70°C. The crystalline residue is dissolved in 35 liters of water and adjusted to a pH of 8 to 9 by addition (with cooling and stirring) of 11 to 12 kg of caustic soda. The sodium chloride formed is filtered off, and the filter cake is washed with 20 liters of normal butyl alcohol. This wash liquid is used for the first extraction of the product from the aqueous filtrate. The filtrate is then further extracted with four successive 20-liter portions of n-butyl alcohol. 

Synthesis gas can be tailored in this manner to fit any number of specific applications. For example, a commercial route to aldehydes (the R-CHO signature group) and alcohols (the R-OH signature group) is the Oxo reaction, as discussed in the section on normal butyl alcohol in Chapter 14. In that reaction, the CO H2 ratio needed is I . Careful adjustment of the three feedstocks, CH4, C02, and H2O and the amount of recycling will give this combination. 

There are many other commercial alcohols besides methanol. This chapter treats the ones traded in the largest volumes ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), normal butyl alcohol (NBA), 2-ethyl hexanol (2-EH) and li4-butanediol (BDO). 

Normal butyl alcohol (NBA) was first recovered in the 1920s as a by-product of acetone manufacture via cornstarch fermentation. That route is almost extinct now. A small percent is still made from acetaldehyde. The primary source of NBA, however, is the Oxo process. 

Normal butyl alcohol + Secondary butyl alcohol... 

Hill, A.E. and Malisoff, W.M. The mutual solubility of liquids. 111. The mutual solubility of phenol and water. IV. The mutual solubility of normal butyl alcohol and water, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 48(4) 918-927, 1926. 

Water has also been shown to be essential for the liquid phase polymerization of isobutylene with stannic chloride as catalyst (Norrish and Russell, 87). The rates of reaction were measured by a dilatometric method using ethyl chloride as common solvent at —78.5°. With a mixture consisting of 1.15% stannic chloride, 20 % isobutylene, and 78.8% ethyl chloride, the rate of polymerization was directly proportional to the amount of added water (up to 0.43% of which was added). A rapid increase in the rate of polymerization occurred as the stannic chloride concentration was increased from 0.1 to 1.25% with higher concentrations the rate increased only gradually. It was concluded that a soluble hydrate is formed and functions as the active catalyst. The minimum concentration of stannic chloride below which no polymerization occurred was somewhat less than half the percentage of added water. When the concentration of the metal chloride was less than about one-fifth that of the added water, a light solid precipitated formation of this insoluble hydrate which had no catalytic activity probably explains the minimum catalyst concentration. The addition of 0.3% each of ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, diethyl ether, or acetone in the presence of 0.18% water reduced the rate to less than one-fifth of its normal value. On the other hand, no polymerization occurred on the addition of 0.3 % of these substances in the absence of added water. The water-promoted reaction was halved when 1- and 2-butene were present in concentrations of 2 and 6%, respectively. 

Available forms 203 Replacement for normal butyl alcohol in nitrocellulose lacquers, alkyd resin formulations, and thinners, distillation range 115-120C, flash p 100F (37.7C) (OC). 601 Replacement for methyl ethyl ketone in vinyl and nitrocellulose applications, distillation range 74—84C, flash p 10F (-12.2C) (OC). 

Properties Water-white, high-boiling hquid mild odor. Bp 240-250C, refr index 1.425, fp -30C, wt/ gal approximately 8.24 lb (20C), flash p 220F (104.4C) (CC). Miscible with most alcohols, ketones, esters, oils, hydrocarbons. Combustible. Derivation By the standard esterification process using normal butyl alcohol and oxalic acid. Grade According to ester content 90%, 95%, 99-100%. 

Bulk Density. Bulk density is determined by a method in which 1 g of lead azide is added incrementally to a vertical, graduated tube about 0.5 cm diam and partially filled with normal butyl alcohol. Particles adhering to the sides are washed down with butyl alcohol, addition of which is continued until the volume of material in the tube is exactly 5 ml. After standing 15 min without jarring or vibrating, the level of the lead azide column is read, calibration corrections applied, and the bulk density, calculated ftom the volume occupied, reported in g/ml. 

Propyl carbinol—Primary normal butyl alcohol—Butyl alcohol of fermentation—CHs—CHa—CHa—CHaOH—is formed in small quantities during alcoholic fermentation, and may be obtained by repeated fractional distillation from the oily liquid left in the... 

Write equations using graphic formulas by which normal butyl alcohol can be converted into (a) normal octane, ( ) normal butylene, (c) secondary butyl alcohol, (d) normal amyl alcohol, (e) normal butane, (/) butylene bromide, (g) secondary butyl bromide, (h) methylethyl ketone, (i) methyl-diethyl carbinol. 

Normal Butyl Alcohol, 1-Butanol, Butyric Alcohol, Propyl Carbinol, 1-Hydroxybutane)... 

Kauri-butanol value Volume in ml at 25°C (77°F) of a solvent, corrected to a defined standard, required to produce a defined degree of turbidity when added to 20 g of a standard solution of kauri resin in normal butyl alcohol. For kauri-butanol values of 69 and above, the standard is toluene and has an assigned value of 105. For kauri-butanol values below 60, the standard is a blend of 75% n-heptane and 25% toluene and has an assigned value of 40. Abbreviation is KB value. Paint pigment, drying oils, polymers, resins, naval stores, cellulosics esters, and ink vehicles, vol 3. American Society for Testing and Material, Conshohocken, PA, 2001. Fhck EW (1991) Industrial synthetic resins handbook. Williams Andrews Publishing/Noyes, New York. 

Fit up the apparatus shown in Fig. Ill, 31, 1 the capacity of the Claisen flask should be 100 ml. Place 40 g. (24-6 ml.) of redistilled thionyl chloride in the flask and 60 g. (62 ml.) of dry n-butyl alcohol (b.p. 116-117°) in the dropping funnel. Cool the flask in ice and add the n-butyl alcohol, with frequent shaking, over 1 hour (1). Reflux the mixture gently for 1 hour to complete the reaction and to remove the residual hydrogen chloride. Arrange the apparatus for distillation, and distil under normal pressure until the temperature rises to 120° then distil under diminished pressure (Fig. 11, 20, 1) and collect the di-n-butyl sulphite at 116-118°/20 mm. The yield is 66 g. 

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