Alcoholism defined

William James provides a classic description of this process in an alcoholic defining the line between forbidden and permissible drinks ... 

The study we focus on here involved surveys similarly constructed and administered at seven sites to over 27,000 individuals ages 14-54 years (Vega et al., 2002). The emphasis of this report was lifetime use of alcohol, defined as used at least 12 times, and lifetime use of other drugs, defined as used at least 5 times. The seven countries/cities where surveys were conducted w cre the United States Fresno County, California (United States) Mexico City, Mexico Ontario, Canada the Netherlands Sao Paulo, Brazil and Munich, Germany. 

The name rec-butyl alcohol defines a sp>ecific structure but the name r< c-pentyl alcohol is ambiguous. Explain. 

During oxidation of alcohols defining BOD5 values of around 1.5 mg-mg with a concentration of 1 000 mg l of BOD5, the exothermic nature of the oxidation reaction can contribute an input of 4 to 5 thermies per cubic meter. 

A very important general aspect of hydroformylation catalysis is the fact that the regioselectivity of the reaction is usually of great importance for the economic value of the generated products. Typically, the linear product enjoys a much higher market value than the branched one. This point can be exemplified for both the hydroformylation of propene and that of 1-dodecene. While the lower vapor pressure of the resulting plasticizer alcohol defines the higher... 

From what you know about wetting, contact angles, and spread monolayers, explain why a Langmuir-Blodgett layer will deposit as a F type if there are nonpolar fatty acids, yet will switch to a Z-type deposition if bipolar alcohols or amines are added (see Refs. 175, 176). What defines the critical contact angle for the deposition change ... 

In a 250 ml. distilling flask (1) place 122 g. (119 ml.) of p-phenylethyl alcohol and 40 g. of sodium hydroxide peUets (or 56 g. of potassium hydroxide). Heat is evolved. Warm gently until bubbles commence to form and the mixture separates into two sharply-defined layers. Distil slowly water, etc. passes over first accompamed by the gradual dis appearance of the upper phase. FinaUy the styrene passes over at 140 160° (mainly 150°) coUect this separately in a receiver containing about 0 1 g. of hydroquinone. Dry the distillate with a httle anhydrous calcium chloride or magnesium sulphate, and then distil under reduced pressure (2). C oUect the pure styrene at 42-43°/18 mm. The 3rield is 80 g. Add about 0-2 g. of hydroquinone (anti-oxidant) if it is desired to keep the phenylethylene. 

The properties of these new materials are being studied. Hydroboration is also appHed for the conversion of double bonds in polymers into hydroxyl groups (450—454). Well-defined copolymers of ethylene—vinyl alcohol can be prepared (455). 

Three generations of latices as characterized by the type of surfactant used in manufacture have been defined (53). The first generation includes latices made with conventional (/) anionic surfactants like fatty acid soaps, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, and alkyl sulfonates (54) (2) nonionic surfactants like poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(vinyl alcohol) used to improve freeze—thaw and shear stabiUty and (J) cationic surfactants like amines, nitriles, and other nitrogen bases, rarely used because of incompatibiUty problems. Portiand cement latex modifiers are one example where cationic surfactants are used. Anionic surfactants yield smaller particles than nonionic surfactants (55). Often a combination of anionic surfactants or anionic and nonionic surfactants are used to provide improved stabiUty. The stabilizing abiUty of anionic fatty acid soaps diminishes at lower pH as the soaps revert to their acids. First-generation latices also suffer from the presence of soap on the polymer particles at the end of the polymerization. Steam and vacuum stripping methods are often used to remove the soap and unreacted monomer from the final product (56). 

According to a widely accepted concept, lignin [8068-00-6] may be defined as an amorphous, polyphenoHc material arising from enzymatic dehydrogenative polymerization of three phenylpropanoid monomers, namely, coniferyl alcohol [485-35-5] (2), sinapyl alcohol [537-35-7] (3), and /)-coumaryl alcohol (1). 

Natural Products. Various methods have been and continue to be employed to obtain useful materials from various parts of plants. Essences from plants are obtained by distillation (often with steam), direct expression (pressing), collection of exudates, enfleurage (extraction with fats or oils), and solvent extraction. Solvents used include typical chemical solvents such as alcohols and hydrocarbons. Liquid (supercritical) carbon dioxide has come into commercial use in the 1990s as an extractant to produce perfume materials. The principal forms of natural perfume ingredients are defined as follows the methods used to prepare them are described in somewhat general terms because they vary for each product and suppHer. This is a part of the industry that is governed as much by art as by science. 

Reactivity is measured by placing a standard quantity, 100 mL, of isopropyl alcohol in a 500- or 1000-mL Dewar flask equipped with a stirrer and a temperature-measuring device. The temperature of the alcohol is adjusted to 30°C. Thirty-six grams of the sample are added and the temperature is observed as a function of time from the addition until a maximum is reached. Reactivity is defined as the temperature rise divided by the time interval to reach this maximum. Other alcohols may also be used for measuring reactivity (30). 

Sulfation is defined as any process of introducing an SO group into an organic compound to produce the characteristic C—OSO configuration. Typically, sulfation of alcohols utilizes chlorosulfuric acid or sulfur trioxide reagents. Unlike the sulfonates, which show remarkable stability even after prolonged heat, sulfated products are unstable toward acid hydrolysis. Hence, alcohol sulfuric esters are immediately neutralized after sulfation in order to preserve a high sulfation yield. 

U.S. regulations define this standard as foUows proof spirit shaU be held to be that alcohoHc Hquor which contains one-half its volume of alcohol of a specific gravity of 0.7939 at 15.6°C ie, the figure for proof is always twice the percent alcohol content by volume. For example, 100° proof means 50% alcohol by volume. In the United Kingdom as weU as Canada, proof spirit is such that at 10.6°C alcohol weighs exactiy twelve-thirteenths of the weight of an equal bulk of distiUed water. A proof of 87.7° indicates an alcohol concentration of 50%. A conversion factor of 1.142 can be used to change British proof to U.S. proof. 

The basic carbohydrate molecule possesses an aldehyde or ketone group and a hydroxyl group on every carbon atom except the one involved in the carbonyl group. As a result, carbohydrates are defined as aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols and their reaction products. A look at the formula for glucose shows that it contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the ratio in which they are found in water. The name carbohydrate... 

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