Alcohol deaths caused

Adverse consequences of drinking include a variety of social, legal, medical, and psychiatric problems (Babor et al. 1987, 2003). Alcohol is among the top four causes of mortality in 1988, 107,800 deaths, or about 5% of all deaths in the United States, were attributed to alcohol-related causes (Stinson and DeBakey 1992). Approximately 17% of alcohol-related deaths were directly attributable to alcohol, 38% resulted from diseases indirecdy attributable to alcohol, and 45% were attributable to alcohol-related traumatic injury (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1994). Alcohol-related mortality declined during the latter part of the twentieth century. For example, the age-adjusted mortality rate from liver cirrhosis in 1993 (7.9 deaths per 100,000 persons) was just over half the rate in 1970 (14.6 deaths per 100,000) (Saadat-mand et al. 1997), and the proportion of automobile fatalities that was related to the use of alcohol fell to a two-decade low of 33.6% in 1993 (Lane et al. 1997). 

Ingestion of 12 g of endrin (dissolved in aromatic hydrocarbons) by a 49-year-old man in a suicide attempt caused convulsions persisting for 4 days death occurred after 11 days (Runhaar et al. 1985). Death occurred in 11 other cases following ingestion of endrin the time from administration to death ranged from 1 to 6 hours. In cases where endrin ingestion occurred with milk or alcohol, death occurred more rapidly (within 1-2 hours) presumably as the result of enhanced absorption that increased toxicity (Tewari and Sharma 1978). 

ALCOHOLISM A disease that results in chronic alcohol abuse. Alcoholism can cause early death from complications to the brain, liver, and heart. 

Toxicity and health effects Exposure to vapor of methyl alcohol causes irritation to the mucous membranes. Toxic effects are exerted upon the nervous system, particularly the optic nerve. Once absorbed into the body, it is very slowly eliminated. Symptoms of overexposure include but are not limited to headache, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, blindness, drunkenness, insomnia, abdominal pains, coma, and death. Oral ingestion of large amounts of methyl alcohol has caused nausea, giddiness, and loss of consciousness in humans. ... 

Vomiting. This common accompaniment of acute alcoholism seems to be partly a central effect, for the incidence of vomiting at equivalent blood alcohol concentrations is similar following oral or i.v. administration. This is not to deny that very strong solutions and dietary indiscretions accompanying acute and chronic alcoholism can cause vomiting by local gastric effects. That said, when death occurs, it is commonly due to suffocation from inhaled vomit. 

Methyl alcohol is colorless, flammable and has a characteristic odor. Its taste is similar to ethanol but it is highly toxic. Ingestion of even small quantities of methyl alcohol can cause blindness, large quantities cause death. Methyl alcohol poisoning may also occur by inhalation of the vapors or by prolonged exposure to the skin. Since methyl alcohol can be deadly, pyridin, which has a bad odor, or dyes are added to it to prevent its use as a drink. As methyl alcohol has a low freezing point (-97 °C), it has been used as antifreeze in radiators. 

Palytoxin CAS 11077-03-5 respiratory distress, diarrhea, convulsions, shock, low body temperature, and death. causes irreversible depolarization of nerve and muscle tissue. It has a very potent effect on the coronary artery and may also cause delayed effects including disintegration of red blood cells. corals. Palytoxin is soluble in water and alcohol. It is stable to heat, and both low and high pH. 

Formaldehyde can also be produced in the body Drinking wood alcohol (methanol) causes blindness, respiratory failure, convulsions, and death. The liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, whose function it is to detoxify alcohols, catalyzes the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde (methanal). The formalde-... 

Isopropyl alcohol (or 2-propanol) can be purchased at any drugstore as rubbing alcohol. It is commonly used as a disinfectant for woxmds and to sterilize medical instruments. Isopropyl alcohol should never be consumed internally, as it is highly toxic. A few oxmces of isopropyl alcohol can cause death. A third common alcohol is methanol, also called wood alcohol. Methanol is commonly used as a laboratory solvent and as a fuel additive. Like isopropyl alcohol, methanol is toxic and should never be consumed. 

SUMMARY. Alcoholism, a compulsive addiction to heavy and frequent drinking, is a behavior over which the afflicted individual has little, if any, control. Untreated alcoholism may cause extensive and severe physical and mental damage and may eventually result in psychosis and/or death. 

Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) is another example of chronic disease. It is also one of the top 10 causes of death in the United States. The liver is important in making certain essential substances in the body and cleaning certain waste products. Chronic liver disease can cause an individual to be tired all the time, have muscles waste away, and cause swelling of the stomach from fluid accumulation. Many chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and alcohol can cause cirrhosis of the liver. 

In contrast to the reversible intoxication induced by low concentrations of alcohol, death results at some higher concentration. The large disruptive effects on membrane structure induced by butanol in this study, and by ethanol at higher concentrations in previous studies, could be the cause of the lethal effect of alcohol. In animals, the behavioral effects of ethanol can be blocked by pretreating the animal with the ethanol antagonist. But even with pretreatment, the animal cannot be protected from the lethal effect of ethanol. The behavioral effects and the lethal effect of alcohols must then be the result of two different mechanisms. 

Overexposure to tetrachloroethylene by inhalation affects the central nervous system and the Hver. Dizziness, headache, confusion, nausea, and eye and mucous tissue irritation occur during prolonged exposure to vapor concentrations of 200 ppm (15). These effects are intensified and include incoordination and dmnkenness at concentrations in excess of 600 ppm. At concentrations in excess of 1000 ppm the anesthetic and respiratory depression effects can cause unconsciousness and death. A single, brief exposure to concentrations above 6000 ppm can be immediately dangerous to life. Reversible changes to the Hver have been reported foUowing prolonged exposures to concentrations in excess of 200 ppm (16—22). Alcohol consumed before or after exposure may increase adverse effects. 

Cirrhosis is the result of long-term insult to the liver, so damage is typically not evident clinically until the fourth decade of life. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis combined were the 12th leading cause of death in the United States in 2002. In patients between the ages of 25 and 64, damage from excessive alcohol use accounted for over one-half of the deaths.2 Alcoholic liver disease and viral hepatitis are the most common causes of cirrhosis in the United States and worldwide. 

Many of these reactions are related to the quantity of excipient found in a dosage form. Benzyl alcohol benzalkonium chloride, propylene glycol, lactose, and polysorbates are all associated with dose-related toxic reactions [52-54], Large-volume parenterals containing 1.5% benzyl alcohol as a preservative have caused metabolic acidosis, cardiovascular collapse, and death in low birth weight premature neonates and infants. The cumulative dose of benzyl alcohol ranged from 99 to 234 mg/kg per day in these patients [55,56], Dose-related adverse effects to excipients are of particular concern in the preterm, low birth weight infant because... 

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