Death causes

Methods to Detect and Quantitate Viral Agents in Fluids. In order to assess the effectiveness of membrane filtration the abihty to quantitate the amount of vims present pre- and post-filtration is critical. There are a number of techniques used. The method of choice for filter challenge studies is the plaque assay which utilizes the formation of plaques, localized areas in the cell monolayer where cell death caused by viral infection in the cell has occurred on the cell monolayer. Each plaque represents the presence of a single infectious vims. Vims quantity in a sample can be determined by serial dilution until the number of plaques can be accurately counted. The effectiveness of viral removal may be determined, as in the case of bacterial removal, by comparing the vims concentration in the input suspension to the concentration of vims in the effluent. 

Bernardelli BC, Gennari MC. 1987. Death caused by ingestion of endosulfan. J Forensic Sci 32 1109-1112. 

False. Sniffing solvents is highly dangerous. There is a danger of sudden death caused by overstimulation of the heart or asphyxiation caused by swelling of the throat tissues or inhalation of vomit. Users also expose themselves to a high level of accident risk whilst intoxicated. 

Mittleman, R.E., and Wetli, C.V. Death caused by reereational cocaine use An update. JAMA 252 1889-1893, 1984. 

Wetli, C.V., and Wright, R.K. Death caused lay recreational cocaine use. JAMA 241 2519-2522, 1979. 

Congress amended CERCLA in 1986 with the enactment of the SARA. These amendments improved the Superfund program and added an important section that focused on strengthening the rights of citizens and communities in the face of potential hazardous substance emergencies. This section, SARA Title III, or the EPCRA, was enacted in response to the more than 2000 deaths caused by the release of a toxic chemical in Bhopal, India. 

Morse DL, Woodbury MA, Rentmeester K, et al. 1981. Death caused by fermenting manure. JAMA 245 63-64. 

The number of deaths caused x the standard life expectancy at the age of death The number of incidents x disability weighting factor x the average duration of the case until remission or death... 

Stone, W.B. 1980. Bird deaths caused by pesticides used on turfgrass. N.Y. State Turf grass Conf. Proc. 4 58-62. Stone, W.B. and P.B. Gradoni. 1985. Wildlife mortality related to use of the pesticide diazinon. Northeast. Environ. Sci. 4 30-38. 

Onset of coma, possible death caused by respiratory arrest. 

Other physicians and druggists, concerned about their reputations and about damage suits, turned up playing cowardly or villainous roles in the somber "Chronological file of Inspectors others reports regarding deaths caused by the Elixir,"... 

Lewin JF, Cleary WT. 1982. An accidental death caused by the absorption of phenol through skin. A case report. Forensic Sci Int 19 177-179. 

When medicines are on the market, the actual incidence of serious ADRs is difficult to judge but clearly they occur with sufficient frequency to be a serious concern. An authoritative review7 concludes that between 1 in 30 and 1 in 60 physician consultations result from ADRs (representing 1 in 30 to 40 patients). The same review concludes that 4 to 6% of hospital admissions could be the result of ADRs. Although there is debate over the number of deaths caused by ADRs — the figure of around 106,000 deaths per year in the USA is often quoted,2 8 this has been suggested to be a gross overestimate and, for example, the U.S. FDA MedWatch system recorded 6894 deaths in 2000 (http //www.fda.gov/medwatch/ index.html). 

Wu et al. (1998) noted that doxombicin-induced apoptosis in lymphoid cells was blocked by pepstatin A, which is an inhibitor of cathepsin D. These investigators also observed that cathepsin D was induced through p53 DNA-binding sites at the cathepsin D promoter. Moreover, they have foimd that, compared to fibroblasts from wild-type mice, cathepsin D-/- fibroblasts from gene knock-out mice exhibited increased resistance to death caused by doxombicin. Also, in semm-deprived rat PC 12 cells undergoing apoptosis, the amoimt of cathepsin B has been observed to decline, while the level of cathepsin D increased (Shibata et al, 1998), and, in our laboratory (Kagedal et al, 2001), the same phenomenon was recently seen in human fibroblasts exposed to naphthazarin. 

In 1981, two eminent British cancer experts. Sir Richard Doll and Richard Peto published a paper in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute entitled The causes of cancer Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. The authors drew upon a vast body of literature of the type mentioned above, and attempted to allocate the deaths caused by cancers among various responsible factors. The authors concluded that a certain percentage of human cancer deaths could be avoided if exposure to the responsible factors could be eliminated or controlled in some way, although the appropriate degree and nature of control for some of the lifestyle factors, especially diet, is still highly uncertain. The Doll and Peto estimates are presented in Table 5.2. The factors are listed in a somewhat different order from how they were listed by the original authors, because of our interest in clearly separating lifestyle factors (the first... 

In the case of plankton, cell lysis that occurs shortly after death causes ATP to be released into seawater. Like most biomolecules, ATP is rapidly degraded in seawater by microbes. Thus, high surfece concentrations in Figure 22.5 reflect a rapid supply supported by the high rates of plankton production characteristic of the photic zone. Below the surface, concentrations decrease with increasing depth beneath the photic zone and, hence, distance from the biosynthetic source of the ATP... 

Kintz P, Tracqui A, Mangin P Accidental death caused by the absorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol through the skin. Arch Toxicol 66 298-299, 1992... 

Siegel E, Wason S Sudden death caused by inhalation of butane and propane. N Engl J Mer/ 323 1638, 1990... 

The LCso in rats was 10,000 ppm for 5-6 hours, with death caused by central nervous system depression. Rats and monkeys exposed for 132 daily exposures to 800 ppm over a period of 186 days showed no evidence of adverse effects. 

Fire hazards involve not only burning, but most deaths occur from the ingestion of volatiles produced by the fire. Carbon monoxide, the major cause of death, causes unconsciousness in less than 3 min due to its preferential attack on hemoglobin. 

Systemic Suppression of HPA function has occurred. Deaths caused by adrenal insufficiency have occurred during and after transfer from systemic to aerosol corticosteroids. 

Severe reactions Severe reactions including deaths caused by sulfonamides have been associated with hypersensitivity reactions, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, other blood dyscrasias, and renal and hepatic damage. Irreversible neuromuscular and CNS changes and fibrosing alveolitis may occur. 

Katoh O, Tauchi H, Kawaishi K, et al. Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor gene, KDR, in hematopoietic cells and inhibitory effect of VEGF on apoptotic cell death caused by ionizing radiation. Cancer Res 1995 55(23) 5687-5692. 

Hirota Y, Yoshioka A, Tanaka S, et al. Imbalance of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, DNA doublestrand breaks and cell death caused by 2-chlorodeoxy adenosine in mouse FM3 A cells. Cancer Res 1989 49 915-919. 

Poisoning by pesticides that contain organophosphate compounds produces a variety of symptoms, including nausea, blurred vision, fatigue, muscle weakness and, potentially, death caused by paralysis of respiratory muscles. 

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