Air pollutants, transport

Egan, B. A., and J. R. Mahoney. Applications of a numerical air pollution transport model to dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer. J. Appl. Meteorol. 11 1023-1039, 1972. 

APM Air Pollution transport Model (Kondratyev and Varotsos, 2000 Krapivin, 1995 Muller and Peter, 1992). 

Arctic Oscillation Aerosol Optical Depth Aerosol Optical Thickness Arctic Precipitation Data Archive Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Air Pollution transport Model ARCtic System Science Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S. 

Air pollutants, transport, 4 Air sampling—See Interstitial air sampling Aldehydes, determination in atmospheric samples, 299 Allegheny Mountain acid deposition and atmospheric chemistry, 28-36 deposition budgets for sulfate and nitrate, 33... 

Vincent, J.H. (1977) Model experiments on the nature of air pollution transport near buildings, Atmospheric Environment 11, 765-774. 

Husar, R.B., Patterson, D.E. and Wilson, W.E. (1985a) Monte Carlo simulation of regional air pollution transport dynamics. Submitted to Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, June 1985. 

Slovak Technical University, Laboratory of Air Protection Technology (CHTF, 2004), studies on air pollution transport and kinetics of coal combustion in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide are performed. 

Cleveland, W. S., B. Kleiner, J. E. McRae, and J. L. Warner (1976). Photochemical air pollution Transport from the New York City area into Connecticut and Massachussetts. Science 191, 179-181. 

Unkasevid M, Lazid L, Tosid 1, Vukmirovid Z (2000) Monitoring of cloud and precipitation during air pollution transport in warfare episode in Serbia. J Environ Protect Ecol 2 331-337... 

Air pollution can be considered to have three components sources, transport and transformations in the atmosphere, and receptors. The source emits airborne substances that, when released, are transported through the atmosphere. Some of the substances interact with sunlight or chemical species in the atmosphere and are transformed. Pollutants that are emitted directiy to the atmosphere are called primary pollutants pollutants that are formed in the atmosphere as a result of transformations are called secondary pollutants. The reactants that undergo transformation are referred to as precursors. An example of a secondary pollutant is O, and its precursors are NMHC and nitrogen oxides, NO, a combination of nitric oxide [10102-43-9] NO, and NO2. The receptor is the person, animal, plant, material, or ecosystem affected by the emissions. 

The benefits of alcohol fuels include increased energy diversification in the transportation sector, accompanied by some energy security and balance of payments benefits, and potential air quaUty improvements as a result of the reduced emissions of photochemically reactive products (see Air POLLUTION). The Clean Air Act of 1990 and emission standards set out by the State of California may serve to encourage the substantial use of alcohol fuels, unless gasoline and diesel technologies can be developed that offer comparable advantages. 

Disposal The final func tional element in the sohd-waste-management system is disposal. Disposal is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are wastes collected and transported direc tly to a landfQl site, semisolid wastes (sludge) from industrial treatment plants and air-pollution-control devices, incinerator residue, compost, or other substances from various solid-waste processing plants that are of no further use. 

The terms ambient air, ambient air pollution, ambient levels, ambient concentrations, ambient air monitoring, ambient air quality, etc. occur frequently in air pollution parlance. The intent is to distinguish pollution of the air outdoors by transport and diffusion by wind (i.e., ambient air pollution) from contamination of the air indoors by the same substances. 

The mechanisms by which a jurisdiction develops its air pollution control strategies and episode control tactics are outlined in Fig. 5-1. Most of the boxes in the figure have already been discussed—sources, pollutant emitted, transport and diffusion, atmospheric chemistry, pollutant half-life, air quality, and air pollution effects. To complete an analysis of the elements of the air pollution system, it is necessary to explain the several boxes not vet discussed. 

The air pollution problems associated with combustion of coal are of major concern. These problems generally occur away from the coal mine. The problems of atmospheric emissions due to mining, cleaning, handling, and transportation of coal from the mine to the user are of lesser sigruficance as far as the overall air pollution problems are concerned. Whenever coal is handled, particulate emission becomes a problem. The emissions can be either coal dust or inorganic inclusions. Control of these emissions can be relatively expensive if the coal storage and transfer facilities are located near residential areas. 

A mobile source of air pollution can be defined as one capable of moving from one place to another under its own power. According to this definition, an automobile is a mobile source and a portable asphalt batching plant is not. Generally, mobile sources imply transportation, but sources such as construction equipment, gasoUne-powered lawn mowers, and gasoline-powered tools are included in this category. 

As indicated in previous chapters, the atmosphere serves as the medium through which air pollutants are transported and dispersed. While being transported, the pollutants may undergo chemical reactions and, in addition to removal by chemical transformations, may be removed by physical processes such as gravitational settling, impaction, and wet removal. 

Frequently, local wind systems are superimposed on the larger-scale wind systems just discussed. These local flows are especially important and may dominate when the larger-scale flow becomes light and indefinite. Local wind systems are usually quite significant in terms of the transport and dispersion of air pollutants. 

Air pollutants reach receptors by being transported and perhaps transformed in the atmosphere (Fig. 18-1). The location of receptors relative to sources and atmospheric influences affect pollutant concentrations, and the sensitivity of receptors to these concentrations determines the effects. The location, height, and duration of release, as well as the amount of pollutant released, are also of importance. Some of the influences of the atmosphere on the behavior of pollutants, primarily the large-scale effects, are discussed here, as well as several effects of pollutants on the atmosphere. 

Sandroni, S. (ed.), "Regional and Long-Range Transport of Air Pollution." Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, 1987. 

The initial direction of transport of pollutants from their source is determined by the wind direction at the source. Air pollutant concentrations from point sources are probably more sensitive to wind direction than any other parameter. If the wind is blowing directly toward a receptor (a location receiving transported pollutants), a shift in direction of as little as 5° (the approximate accuracy of a wind direction measurement) causes concentrations at the receptor to drop about 10% under unstable conditions, about 50% under neutral conditions, and about 90% under stable conditions. The direction of plume transport is very important in source impact assessment where there are sensitive receptors or two or more sources and in trying to assess the performance of a model through comparison of measured air quality with model estimates. 

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