Aggregated data

Computerized Aggregate of Reliability Parameters (CARP) A computer code developed by SAIC to aggregate data sets into a single generic set determine uncertainty bounds (5th and 95th percentiles) fit raw data to statistical distributions and print reports documenting determinations made. 

Availability of data - a lot of life-cycle data are available in both public and proprietary databases. However, the data that are available will usually be industry aggregate data... 

As mentioned before, additives do not come out as contributing to life cycle impacts in any of the 110 case studies reviewed. From the above, it is clear that a straightforward LCA case study using a standard LCI database would indeed not show additives, because they are not present in these databases. The fact that the plastics data are aggregate data masks any omissions, implying it is possible that case study performers were unaware of it. For example the studies on (waste treatment) of plastic packaging [6-12], plastic cup studies [13,14] and some studies on automotive parts [15, 16] do not mention additives at all. 

Hseih, C. C. and Pugh, M. D. (1993), Poverty, income inequality, and violent crime a meta-analysis of recent aggregate data studies , Criminal Justice Review, 18, 182-202. 

To model the relationship between PLA and PLR, we used each of these in ordinary least squares (OLS) multiple regression to explore the relationship between the dependent variables Mean PLR or Mean PLA and the independent variables (Berry and Feldman, 1985).OLS regression was used because data satisfied OLS assumptions for the model as the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE). Distribution of errors (residuals) is normal, they are uncorrelated with each other, and homoscedastic (constant variance among residuals), with the mean of 0. We also analyzed predicted values plotted against residuals, as they are a better indicator of non-normality in aggregated data, and found them also to be homoscedastic and independent of one other. 

Bounds are often easier to compute than approximate estimates, which, in contrast, commonly require the solving of integrals. This simplicity of calculation extends to the combination of bounds. If, for instance, one set of information tells us that A is in a particular interval and another set tells us that A is in a different interval, it is straightforward to compute what the aggregate data set is implying simply by taking the intersection of the 2 intervals. When we have 2 estimates from separate approximations, on the other hand, we would have to invoke a much more complicated meta-analysis to combine the estimates. 

Judson R, Martin M, Egeghy P, Gangwal S, Reif D, Kothiya P, Wolf M, Cathey T, Transue T, Smith D, Vail J, Frame A, Mosher S, Cohen HE, Richard A (2012) Aggregating data for computational toxicology applications, the EPA ACToR system. Mol Toxicol 13(2) 1805-1831... 

A recent survey by Chemical and Engineering News noted that 19 companies account for about 80% of the chemical industry s sales and more than 90% of the entire industry s R D dollars. Therefore, fifteen firms were taken from a universe of 36 large industrial chemical firms. (See section on methodology.) In 1976, these fifteen firms accounted for 71.6% of R D expenditures. Finally, it should be noted that many of these companies are diversified and are engaged in various activities other than chemicals. Financial data presented in annual reports are often aggregate data and, consequently, it is difficult to determine the impact on R D related only to chemical activities. Although many companies have chemicals as one of their products, the companies selected for this project are predominantly involved in the manufacture and sale of industrial chemicals. 

Data Integration Data Aggregation Data Quality Data Storage/Access... 

Figure 3 shows the locations of the nodes in a sensor field. Also, Figure 3 shows how the network station is gathering data from the current area of observation. Nodes 1 and 4 sense the environment. Nodes 2 and 5 relay the data. Node 3 receives two raw data streams and then aggregates them into a single stream. Furthermore, node 3 transmits the aggregated data to node 6. Nodes 6 and 7 relay the data onward without any processing. 

Table 2 Substrate specificity lor 1-catalyzedhydrolysis ofp-nitrophenyl alkanoates (NPAlk) in 1 1 methanol-aqueous solution in the presence of polymer 1 aggregates. (Data from Ref. [76]) ...

Most importantly, the aggregated data prompted Higashi et al. (27) to design a trial to test whether CYP2C9 genotyping could predict outcomes of patients on warfarin therapy. In this retrospective cohort study, 200 patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy for various indications underwent... 

MacEachren, A. M., and DiBiase, D. W. (1991). Animated maps of aggregate data conceptual and practical problems. Cartography and Geographic Information... 

Taken from reference 1. Aggregation data is for the sodium salt under basic conditions. 

Fig. 14.2. Effect of antioxidants on the photo-aggregation of prion protein. Prion protein photo-aggregation was monitored in the presence of antioxidants L-cysteine, superoxide dismutase (SOD), mannitol and catalase. Prion protein (PrP) was used at a concentration of 0.05 mg ml-1. The concentrations of the antioxidants used were L-cysteine, ImM SOD, 20pgmU1 ( 64Uml 1) mannitol, 50mM and catalase, 2.5ngml 1 ( 0.895mUml-1). L-Cysteine (filled circle) prevents the photoaggregation of prion protein almost completely, while SOD (filled triangle) prevents it partially. Mannitol and catalase do not prevent the aggregation (data not shown)...

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