Aerosol mass spectrometer

Figure 3.12. Schematic diagram of the instrumental setup of the mobile aerosol mass spectrometer LAMPAS 2 . (Trimborn et al. 2000.)...

FIGURE 11.73 Schematic diagram of aerosol mass spectrometer for volatile and semivolatile particle sizing and composition measurement (graciously provided by J. Jayne, D. Worsnop, and C. Kolb, 1999). 

Jayne, J. T D. C. Leard, X. Zhang, P. Davidovits, K. A. Smith, C. E. Kolb, and D. R. Worsnop, Development of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Size and Composition Analysis of Submicron Particles, Aerosol Sci. Techno ., in press (1999). 

PMF has successfully been applied to data from aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica) for identification of the main sources of particulate organic matter, OM [9,12, 39], AMS instruments allow measurement of the mass spectra of the non-refractory fraction of approximately PM1 with high temporal resolution and determination of the concentration of particulate OM, which can be converted to OC by multiplication by a conversion factor [40]. 

State-of-the-art methods include the combination of source apportionment models with high time-resolved source apportionment techniques for organic aerosols datasets using the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS), obtaining contributions from primary organic emissions from traffic [60, 61]. 

Mohr C, Richter R, DeCarlo FF, Prevot ASH, Baltensperger U (2011) Spatial variation of chemical composition and sources of submicron aerosol in Zurich during wintertime using mobile aerosol mass spectrometer data. Atmos Chem Phys 11 7465-7482... 

The development of aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS), starting with work by Allen and Gould [27] and Sinha et al. [28], which focusses mainly on compounds ionisable at temperatures below 1,300°C such as sulphates and organic matter. Recently Park et al. [29] have developed a laser-induced ionisation method also allowing the detection of some metals and metal oxides. AMS without particle size separation are now small enough in size and power consumption to be used in longterm monitoring networks [30]. 

A newly developed aerosol mass spectrometer (Jayne et ah, 2000 Allan et ai, 2003) deposits size-selected particles on a heated surface so that volatile and semi-volatile materials are vaporized. These are then analyzed quantitatively on line. The instrument is able to provide quantitative, short-time-resolution measurements of the compositions of particles in selected size ranges. However, the instrument has poor sensitivity for refractory materials such as mineral dust and provides no information on particle-to-particle variability in composition. 

Jayne J. T., Leard D. C., Zhang X., Davidovits P., Smith K. A., Kolb C. E., and Worsnop D. R. (2000) Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles. Aerosol. Sci. Technol. 33, 49-70. 

Figure 3 shows an airborne version of one recently developed fast response instrument made possible by recent advances in materials, vacuum technology, ion optics, fluid dynamics, information technology, and control technology.6 This aerosol mass spectrometer allows the real-time measurement and display of the nonrefractory, size-resolved ( 30 nm to 1500 nm) ambient aerosol particle mass loadings. Figure 4 shows the ambient fine aerosol nonrefractory composition,... 

FIGURE 3 An Aerosol mass spectrometer allowing real-time size-resolved chemical spe-ciation measurements of fine aerosols, free standing and packaged for airborne measurements. 

FIGURE 4 Aerosol mass spectrometer airborne measurements of fine particle compositional mass loading and size distributions showing two sulfate aerosol layers in air masses from the Ohio River valley. 

Figure 4.7 Schematic of the time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (TOF-AMS). Aerosol is introduced into the instrument through an aerodynamic lens focusing the particles through a skimmer and an orifice onto the vaporizer. Particle vapor is ionized and the ions are guided into the TOF-MS, which generates mass spectra at 83.3 kHz repetition rate. For particle size measurement the particle beam is chopped with a mechanical chopper and the detection is synchronized with the chopper opening time [178], Aerosol Science Technology A New Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (TOF-AMS) - Instrument Description and First Field Deployment. 39 637-658. Copyright 2005. Reston, VA. Reprinted with permission...

Aerodyne Research. Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, http //www.aerodyne.com/ products/aerosol-mass-spectrometer (accessed March 26, 2015). 

The aerosol mass spectrometer described above is capable of analyzing particles of nonbiological origin. When used for analysis of CWAs, the BAMS instrument is named single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Using this instrument design, Martin and coworkers reported the successful detection of hquid nerve agent simulants from individual aerosol particles [55]. 

Fig. 6.2 Schematic of an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). Vaporized aerosol species are ionized and analyzed via mass spectrometry. This figure shows the ion attachment version of ionization methods. Other existing versions of the AMS that utilize several unique ionization methods and developments that are not shown in this schematic are discussed in the text. Extended drawing of flash vaporizer system shows that the particle beam first impacts on a vaporizer, and volatile aerosol components that vaporize are subsequently subjected to cationization. The unique feature of this detection scheme is the fact that a vaporizer is directly coupled into an ion attachment technique to enable a two-step particle vaporization and ionization process. The separation of the vaporization and ionization processes allows for quantitative detection of aerosol mass with the AMS. (Reprinted with permission from Ref [8]. 2007, John Wiley and Sons)...

Canagaratna MR, Jayne JT, Jimenez JL, Allan JD, Alfarra MR, Zhang Q, Onasch TB, Drewnick F, Coe H, Middlebrook A, Delia A, Williams LR, Trimbom AM, Northway MJ, DeCarlo PF, Kolb CE, Davidovits P, Worsnop DR. Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer. Mass Spectrom Rev. 2007 26 185 222. 

Drewnick F, Kings SS, DeCarlo PF, Jayne JT, Gonin M, Fuhrer K, Weimer S, Jimenez JL, Demeqian KL, Borrmann S, Worsnop DR. A new Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (ToF-AMS)-instrument description and first field deployment. Aerosol Sci Technol. 

DeCarlo PF, Kimmel JR, Trimborn A, Northway MJ, Jayne JT, Aiken AC, Gonin M, Fuhrer K, Horvath T, Docherty KS, Worsnop DR, Jimenez JL. Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. Anal Chem. 2006 78 8281-9. 

Northway MJ, Jayne JT, Toohey DW, Canagaratna MR, Trimborn A, Akiyama K, Shimono A, Jimenez JL, DeCarlo PF, Wilson KR, Worsnop DR. Demonstration of a VUV lamp photoionization source for improved organic speciation in an aerosol mass spectrometer. Aerosol Sci Technol. 2007 41 828-39. 

As discussed in Sect. 9.2, lAMS has been applied in the study of atmospheric processes. As such, lAMS can contribute to an understanding of acid rain, smog, and other air contamination processes in the atmosphere. Important additional tools in this respects are the aerosol mass spectrometer (Sect. 6.2) and the infrared image furnace (IIF, Sect. 6.4.3). The latter system was involved in studying combustion of polycarbonates, which may result in the emission of the endocrine disraptor bisphe-nol A. Li+-IAMS enabled the detection of the bisphenol A biradical [21]. Similarly, EGA-IAMS has been used to study the pyrolysis of polyacrylamide, which among others results in the suspected carcinogenic monomeric acrylamide [22]. 

Fig. 7 Measured (uganie green) and sulfate red) mass distributions from Aerosol Mass Spectrometer particle time of flight (AMS pToF) data. Data are for SOA from toluene oxidation in the presence of ammonium suUale seeds. Observations closely follow predictions shown in Fig. 6...

Spracklen DV, Jimenez JL, Carslaw KS, Worsnop DR, Evans MJ, Mann GW, Zhang Q, Canagaratna MR, Allan J, Coe H, McEiggans G, Rap A, Eorster P (2011) Aerosol mass spectrometer constraint on the glohal secondary organic aerosol budget. Atmos Chem Phys 11(23) 12109-12136. doi 10.5194/acp-11-12109-2011... 

Sage AM, Weitkamp EA, Robinson AL, Donahue NM (2008) Evolving mass spectra of the oxidized component of organic aerosol results from aerosol mass spectrometer analyses of aged diesel emissions. Atmos Chem Phys 8(5) 1139-1152... 

Grieshop AP, Donahue NM, Robinson AL (2009) Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 2 analysis of aerosol mass spectrometer data. Atmos Chem Phys 9(6) 2227-2240... 

Drewnick F, Schneider J, Kings SS, Hock N, Noone K, Targino A, Weimer S, Borrmann S (2007) Measurement of ambient, interstitial, and residual aerosol particles on a mountaintop site in central Sweden using an aerosol mass spectrometer and a CVI. J Atmos Chan 56 1... 

Jimenez JL, Jayne JT, Shi Q, Kolb CE, Worsnop DR, Yourshaw I, Seinfeld JH, Flagan RC, Zhang XF, Smith KA, Morris JW, Davidovits P (2003) Ambient aerosol sampling using the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer. J Geophys Res Atmos 108 1-13... 

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