Adjuvants adjuvant action

Nishihata, T., and J.H. Rytting. 1997. Absorption-promoting adjuvants Enhancing action on rectal absorption. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 28 205. 

Nishihata, T., M. Miyake, and A. Kamada. 1984. Study on the mechanism behind adjuvant action of diethylethoxymethylene malonate enhancing the rectal absorption of cefmetazole and lysozyme. J Pharmacobiodyn 7 607. 

Nishihata, T., et al. 1984. Possible mechanism behind the adjuvant action of phosphate derivatives on rectal absorption of cefoxitin in rats and dogs. J Pharm Sci 73 1523. 

Johnson AG (1964). Adjuvant action of bacterial endotoxins on the primary antibody response. Bacterial endotoxins Proc Symp Inst Microb Rutgers, State Uni Natl Sci Found. M. Landy and W. Braun. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press 252-262. Johnstone KD, Dieckelmann M, Jennings MP, Toth I, Blanchfield JT (2005) Chemo-Enzy-matic Synthesis of a Trisaccharide-Linked Peptide Aimed at Improved Drug-Delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 2 215-222... 

The potentiation of tetracyclines relative to complexation with polyacrylic acid has been investigated by Takesue et al. In this case, the polymer has been found to promote greater absorption of the antibiotic into the bloodstream and exert a more powerful adjuvant action than simple acids such as citric acid. 

The biological activities of several glyco- and peptidoglyco-lipids of acid-fast bacteria have been studied, and we shall see (in the corresponding Sections) that some most interesting properties have been discovered, such as a peculiar form of toxicity, adjuvant action, and immunization. 

Freund and Lipton have shown that an Actinomycete, Nocardia as-teroides, has the same adjuvant action as Mycobacteria. The cell wall of this organism has a structure very similar to that of Mycobacteria—alanine, glutamic acid, a, -diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, mannose, and galactose being the principal components. White has shown that the wax D of Nocardia asteroidea is inactive as an adjuvant, whereas the delipidated cells are active. 

The adjuvant action of wax D (of human strains of Mycobacteria) for the production of experimental, allergic encephalomyelitis has been reported by Colover and White and Marshall (compare, previous work of Waksman and Adams ). 

The increased cooperation between T cell, B cell, and macrophage also depends on the immunogen and the host. For molecules with low immunogenicity, adjuvants favor the induction of immune response at the expense of tolerance. Extensive reviews on adjuvant action have been presented by Jolles and Paraf (1973), WHO report No. 595 (1973) and Borek (1977). 

Ryan M, McCarthy L, Rappuoli R et al. Pertussis toxin potentiates Thl and 1h2 responses to co-injected antigen adjuvant action is associated with enhanced regulatory cytokine production and expression of the costimulatory molecules B7-1, B7-2 and CD28, Int Immunol 1998 10(5) 651-662. 

Linthicum DS, Munoz JJ, Blaskett A. Acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. I adjuvant action of bordetella pertussis is due to vasoactive amine sensitization and increased vascular permeability of the central nervous system. Cell Immunol 1982 73(2) 299-310. 

Kotani, S. Biological activities of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans and their subunits, with special reference to the immuno-adjuvant actions. Seikagaku 48, 1081 (1976). 

Analogous results were obtained in monkeys using inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine (Harrington et al., 1979). Figure 8 shows some of the data. It can be seen that antibody levels in serum were boosted about 40-fold after primary immunization when one compares levels attained after administration of vaccine along with poly(ICLC) with that attained with vaccine alone, and perhaps 200-fold after a secondary immunization. There was no alteration in the progression of IgM and IgG development. At the peak of antibody levels, most of the antibody was IgG. Polylysine complexed to carboxymethylcellulose, without poly I poly C, had no adjuvant action. 

The adjuvant action of free saponin may not be due to a depot formation of the antigen at the site of injection, the major mechanism of adjuvanticity of many adjuvant formulations [9]. 

A formulation of Quillaja saponins and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) injected s.c. into the flank of mice, increased the number of cells in the draining axillary lymph nodes [9], showing that it was the immediate effect of the adjuvant action. 

The basic knowledge of adjuvant action is very important for developing suitable vaccines for newly emerging cancer and infectious diseases. In the last one decade, much progress has been made on understanding the molecular basis for action of adjuvants, the role of... 

Water-in-oil solubilized adjuvant formulations of vaccines containing Clostridium welchii type D toxoid as antigen were prepared first in 1968 and tested in laboratory animals by Coles et al [238]. The adjuvant action of oil-in-water emulsions, multiple emulsions and water in gelled oil emulsions is well known but these varied systems have the disadvantages of high viscosity which makes injection physically difficult. Lin [236] quotes an HLB of 9.7 as the optimum value for water solubilization in mineral oil. Coles et al [238] found a value of 10. While the addition of a small quantity of the lipophilic surfactant Arlacel 80 (sorbitan mono-oleate) to a system of Tween 81 (polyoxyethylene (5)-sorbiton mono-oleate) alio wed increasing amounts of water to be solubilized, when toxoid solution was substituted for water the Arlacel decreased the amount which could... 

Better insight into adjuvant action can aid in the rational design of vaccine formulations. The mechanisms proposed for adjuvant action include (1) slow release of the antigen, (2) attraction and stimulation of macrophages and lymphocytes, and (3) delivery of the antigen to regional lymph nodes (O Hagan et al., 2001). 

Interferon-a2b has diverse mechanisms of action, including antiviral activity, impact on cellular metabolism and differentiation, and antitumor activity.42 The antitumor activity is due to a combination of direct antiproliferative effect on tumor cells and indirect immune-mediated effects.42 Interferon-a2b is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as adjuvant therapy for patients who are free of disease after curative surgical resection but are at high risk of MM recurrence. This includes patients with bulky disease or regional lymph node involvement such as stage IIB, IIC, or III disease.43 It is controversial if interferon-a2b (IFN) should be offered as adjuvant therapy for every high-risk MM patient. The reason is because clinical trials with different doses of IFN have not proved definitively that IFN improves overall patient survival. 

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