Petroleum substitution

In spite of extensive efforts to improve coal liquefaction, so far, coal-derived oils cannot compete with petroleum. The cost of coal liquefaction must be lowered to produce petroleum substitutes at a reasonable price. 

Brit research on petroleum substitutes Pulverized coal as Diesel fuel) B)J. Commissaire, Chaleur et Industrie 28, 137-52 187-94 (1947)... 

Why is it, if indirect liquefaction processes are technically proven, the demand exists and is getting stronger for petroleum substitutes and there is so much coal available to us that people aren t standing in line to build coal liquefaction facilities in the United States today The answer is fairly simple. There are so many uncertainties associated with commercialization — not only technological, but also institutional, legal and regulatory— that the large capital investments required seem too risky to make. Coal liquefaction facilities are capital-intensive with cost in excess of 1 billion. 

Since the 1970s, coal liquefaction has been extensively studied worldwide to produce petroleum substitutes (Speight, 2008). Major processes are operated under high or moderate hydrogen pressures with significant consumption of this element to depolymerize coal into a product similar to petroleum—it should be noted that the word depolymerize is used incorrectly since coal is not a... 

Fischer-Tropsch Gasification Process Catalyzed chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen are converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms, typically used to produce synthetic petroleum substitute for use as lubrication oil or as fuel. Named for German chemists Hans Fischer and Franz Tropsch. 

Urethanes can be separated from the disubsthuted urea on the basis of their different solubilities in light petroleum (substituted urea is insoluble). From the point of view of an easy separation of by-products, the reaction with 3-bromopropionylisocyanate is suitable (22). Crystallization of urethanes is carried out from carbon tetrachloride, light petroleum, cyclohexane, or alcohol. 

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