Additives cationic antistats

Clear, cast rods of poly(acrylonitrile-co-MA), with 1-15% anhydride, have been prepared.Properties of the castings were not reported. The MA-acrylonitrile copolymers have been claimed to be useful as a polyelectrolyte soil conditioner, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) stabilizer, molding resin additive,antistatic additive,cation-exchange resin, and sizing agent for various textiles.There are claims that MA, maleimide, and other MA derivatives perform as stabilizers for polyacrylonitrile materials. 

Cationic antistatic additives contain long alkyl molecules such as quaternary ammonium, phosphonium or sulfonium salts. Quaternary antistatic additives are effective for polar polymers such as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) [74] as well as polyolefins [75]. 

Surface-active agents iacrease the conductivity of oils quite significantly (97), and addition of water, probably dissolved at the iaterface with the surfactant, further iacreases the conductivity. Nonionic and cationic surface-active agents are preferred to anionic surface-active agents probably because of their higher solubiHty ia oils and higher hygroscopicity. Many anionic surfactants have adequate antistatic efficiency, but they are used less frequendy. 

Cationic quaternary ammonium compounds such as distearyldimethylammonium-chloride (DSDMAC) used as a softener and as an antistatic, form hydrated particles in a dispersed phase having a similar structure to that of the multilayered liposomes or vesicles of phospholipids 77,79). This liposome-like structure could be made visible by electron microscopy using the freeze-fracture replica technique as shown by Okumura et al. 79). The concentric circles observed should be bimolecular lamellar layers with the sandwiched parts being the entrapped water. In addition, the longest spacings of the small angle X-ray diffraction pattern can be attributed to the inter-lamellar distances. These liposome structures are formed by the hydrated detergent not only in the gel state but also at relatively low concentrations. 

Antistatic additives or agents operate by being present at the surface of the plastic where they attract a layer of moisture which acts as a conductor for electrostatic charges. They are normally incorporated at a level of 0.01-0.2% and are usually surfactants, i.e. cationic, anionic and non-ionic compounds. 

Static charges on polymer surfaces can be controlled by the presence of antistatic agents that make the surface more conductive or less resistive. For example, water within a hydrophilic polymer can act as an antistatic agent and prevent static buildup. The amount of water is important for example, water in a polyamide in equilibrium with air at 65% RH acts as an antistatic agent, but at iow RH values, water is not effective. Since most polymers used in packaging are not hydrophilic, antistatic additives may be used to control static. Generally, these agents are cationic, anionic, or nonionic surfactants. 

Uses Antistatic finish for polyester fibers flocculant and coagulant for water treatment, mineral recovery, ion-exchange resins, adhesives, acid dye receptivity photopolymer plates photoresists paint resins oil additives electro dipcoats mbber modifiers dental compds. water-sol. polymers adhesion promoter prod, of cationic acrylamide copolymers mfg. of quats retention aid for paper mfg. food-contact paper/paperboard Manuf./Dboh. /Udrich... 

Synonyms 3-Decoxypropane-1-amine 3-(Decyloxy)-I-propanamine 3-Decyloxypropylamine 1-Propanamine, 3-(decyloxy)-Empirical C13H29NO Properties M.w. 215.37 cationic Uses Emulsifier corrosion inhibitor for metalworking fluids antistat flotation collector additive for fuel, lubricants, petrol, refining intermediate for surfactants, textile foamers, ethoxylates, agric. chems. crosslinking agent for epoxies Trade Name Synonyms PA-14 [Tomah http //www.tomahproducts. com]... 

Migratory antistats (MAS). Migratory antistats have chemical structures that are composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. These materials have limited compatibility with the host plastic and migrate or bloom to the surface of the molded product. The hydrophobic portion provides compatibility within the polymer and the hydrophilic portion functions to bind water molecules onto the surface of the molded part. If the surface of the part is wiped, the MAS is temporarily removed, reducing the antistat characteristics at the surface. Additional material then migrates to the surface until the additive is depleted. These surface-active antistatic additives can be cationic, anionic, and nonionic compounds. 

Antistatic agents are incorporated in plastics to prevent or reduce the build-up of static charges on the surface of a product. They must be able to stand the processing temperatures used and not interact negatively with other additives (some cationic and anionic antistats interfere with PVC heat stabilisers). They must also satisfy food contact regulations, and not adversely affect performance in other ways. 

Blooming antistatic additives fall into fom categories (i) non-ioitic, (ii) anionic, (iii) cationic, and (iv) amphoteric. 

In addition to all of these components, a modern commercial detergent may also contain antistatic agents (cationic surfactants added to reduce static cling) hydro-tropes (compounds added to liquid detergents to hold less-soluble surfactants and other compounds in solution) and, of course, fragrances and perfumes and inert fillers and formulation aids that keep powdered detergents free flowing. 

Antistatic additives can be classified by application method, as internal and external, and by chemistry, as anionic, cationic, and non-ionic. Internal agents are normally compounded at 0.1-3.0% by weight and have a slight compatibility with the polymer, but the molecule has a hydrophilic head forcing it to migrate to the surface and attract moisture from the environment, which increases the surface conductivity. These are easy to use and have low addition rates, often also providing other benefits such as improved processability and mould release. 

Cationic and amphoteric derivatives of ionic siloxanes (Fig. 8) combine a high gliding ability with antistatic properties, which are particularly interesting for textile applications and personal care. Silicone betaines and silicone quats are excellent additives in hair and skin care products such as hair rinses and conditioning shampoos where they improve the compatibility, gloss, and handle of hair. They are also good antistatics. 

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