Antistatic quaternary

Additives used in final products Fillers aluminosilicate, calcium carbonate, clay, mica, talc Plasticizers acetyl triethyl citrate, benzyl butyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, castor oil, dipropylene glycol dIbenzoate, epoxidized soybean oil, ethylene and propylene glycols, glycerin, triethanolamine, triacetin, tributyl citrate, trIethyl citrate Antistatic quaternary ammonium salt Release zinc stearate ... 

A wide class of aiyl-based quaternary surfactants derives from heterocycles such as pyridine and quinoline. The Aralkyl pyridinium halides are easily synthesized from alkyl halides, and the paraquat family, based upon the 4, 4 -bipyridine species, provides many interesting surface active species widely studied in electron donor-acceptor processes. Cationic surfactants are not particularly useful as cleansing agents, but they play a widespread role as charge control (antistatic) agents in detergency and in many coating and thin film related products. 

The single largest market use for quaternary fatty amines is in fabric softeners. Monoalkyl quaternaries (chloride) have been used in Hquid detergent softener antistat formulations (LDSA), dialkyl dimethyl quaternaries (chloride) in the rinse cycle, and dialkyl dimethyl quaternaries (sulfate) as dryer softeners. 

Regardless of how the conditioner is appHed or what the stmcture of the quaternary is, benefits provided to conditioned hair include the reduction of combing forces, increased luster, and improved antistatic properties. 

Antistatic polystyrenes have been developed in terms of additives or coatings to minimise primarily dust collecting problems in storage (see Antistatic agents). Large Hsts of commercial antistatic additives have been pubhshed (41). For styrene-based polymers, alkyl and/or aryl amines, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds, anionics, etc, are all used. 

A variety of chemical products and fabrics are reputed to be antibacterial and to prevent odors and the spread of infection (170). One such finish is based on an organosiUcon quaternary ammonium chloride compound (171). Chemical finishing of cotton has also been directed toward improving soil release (172,173), antistatic treatments (174), and rot resistance (175,176). 

Surface Applied Surfactants. Antistat agents can be appHed direcdy to the surface of a plastic part. Usually the antistat is diluted in water or in a solvent. The antistat solution is appHed by spraying, dipping, or wiping on the surface. The water or solvent dries leaving a thin film that attracts moisture. Since it is appHed to the surface, migration through the resin is not a factor. In practice, the quaternary ammonium compounds find the most use. They are soluble in water and effective at low concentrations. 

For some applications it is necessary that static charge should not accumulate on the product. This is important in such diverse applications as mine belting and gramophone records. The use of antistatic agents such as quaternary ammonium compounds has been of some limited value in solving this problem. 

Cationic quaternary ammonium compounds such as distearyldimethylammonium-chloride (DSDMAC) used as a softener and as an antistatic, form hydrated particles in a dispersed phase having a similar structure to that of the multilayered liposomes or vesicles of phospholipids 77,79). This liposome-like structure could be made visible by electron microscopy using the freeze-fracture replica technique as shown by Okumura et al. 79). The concentric circles observed should be bimolecular lamellar layers with the sandwiched parts being the entrapped water. In addition, the longest spacings of the small angle X-ray diffraction pattern can be attributed to the inter-lamellar distances. These liposome structures are formed by the hydrated detergent not only in the gel state but also at relatively low concentrations. 

Heterocyclic compounds that find commercial use as antistatic agents are based on imidazolinium (61), pyridinium (62), piperidinium (63) and morpholinium (64) salts (B-80MI11510). Quaternary ammonium salts linked to a heterocyclic moiety are also known to function as antistatic agents,... 

PVC antistatic agents Quaternary ammonium compounds Antistatic properties... 

Antistatic additives are designed to be present on the surface of the molded part to achieve the full antistatic benefit. The types of additives used to enhance antistatic properties include quaternary ammonium salts, alkyl sulfonates or phosphate plus alkali metals, ethoxylated amines, or gylcerol esters. Antistatics are typically used at higher levels than other additives such as antioxidants. Therefore, antistatics are likely to increase light scattering, making it more difficult to achieve the higher chroma colors. 

Antistatic agents Minimize surface static charge Quaternary ammonium compounds... 

Quaternary ammonium compounds are the next largest group of non-durable antistats. The most widely used are ditallowdimethylammonium chloride and dihydrogenated tallowdimethylammonium chloride (Fig. 10.2). These are common ingredients in laundry and dryer applied consumer softeners. Like many other cationic materials, cationic antistats have an affinity for textile fibres and can be applied by exhaustion processes. 

CNC Antistat 2 is a quaternary ammonium bromide. It is a light colored amber solution. It may be used on cotton, wool, viscose and beraberg. Textiles treated with CNC Antistat 2 are resistant to mildew and decomposition by bacteria. Pathogenic organism are inhibited by the bacteriostatic qualitites imparted to fabrics. 

A hydrophilic emulsifier, is a highly effective anti-precipitant for mixed dye baths, a superior leveling agent for acid dyes, and a migrating agent for dispersed dyes. TRYMEEN 6606 is also an intermediate for quaternary ammonium compounds and a versatile antistat for processing synthetic fibers. 

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