Intake of sucrose

Blizard, D., Kotlus, B., and Frank, M. (1999). Quantitative trait loci associated with short-term intake of sucrose saccharin and quinine solutions in laboratory mice. Chem. Senses 24, 373-385. 

Which of the following explains why individuals with hyperlipidemia and/or gout should minimize their intake of sucrose and high-fructose syrups ... 

II illustrates some of the possible targets for octopamine within the central nervous system, and indicates that octopamine plays an important physiological role as a transmitter or modulator in this area. In addition, injections of octopamine or its mimics into the haemolymph or ganglia, induces behavioural responses. Honeybees show enhanced responsiveness to light and olfactory stimuli after injection of octopamine into the brain (51.73). Blowflies develop a decreased threshold for the intake of sucrose solutions and also consume more sucrose after the injection of octopamine or related compounds (50), while cockroaches exhibit anorexia (74). 

It is interesting to mention that according to Paul et al. (1968) (9) the statistical analysis of their investigation with a coronary and non-coronary group has shown no significant association between heavy intake of sucrose and coronary disease. 

Figure 1. Intake of sucrose (ml) plotted as a function of molar concentration for single-bottle, 24-hr tests. The solute (g) is also plotted as a function of molar concentration.

Food Applications. On the basis of intake, sucrose is the leading food additive (2). Its principal contribution to food is sweetness. However, it provides many other functionahties, eg, body, mouthfeel, texture, and moisture retention. Cereals and baked goods are the leading consumers of sucrose, followed closely by confectionery products (36). 

Arnone M, Maruani J, Chaperon F. Selective inhibition of sucrose nd ethanol intake by SR141716a, an antagonist of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Psychopharmacology 1998 132 104-106. 

Josens, R. B., Farina, W. M. and Roces, F. (1998). Nectar feeding by the ant Camponotus mus intake rate and crop filling as a function of sucrose concentration. Journal of Insect Physiology 44 579-585. 

Measure the volumes of sucrose solution and water consumed. Calculate the preference for the sucrose solution as a percentage of total liquid consumed and total sucrose intake in mg/g body weight. In addition, commercially available automated lick-counters (lickometers) may be used (e.g., by Lafayette Instrument Co, Lafayette IN, United States or Columbus Instruments, Columbus OH, United States). Assess the number of licks at each bottle for the duration of the test (i.e., 24-72 h) per 100 mg of body weight, and the preference for sucrose as a percentage of total licks (23, 27, 28) (see Notes 4-6). 

Neophobia to the presence of multiple water bottles and to the taste of sucrose may also confound behavioral results in this model. To avoid this problem, acclimate mice by giving them two bottles, each with the sucrose solution, for 72 h before the test, or with one water and one sucrose bottle for 1 h per day for 1 week. Also, consider lengthening the period of the test to at least 24 h. Researchers may choose to utilize video recording to document all water intake, however, end point analysis of overall sucrose consumption (as described earlier) is acceptable. 

Further pharmacological effects of deltorphins have been demonstrated under various experimental conditions. D-Ala-deltorphin improves memory consolidation in a passive avoidance apparatus in mice this effect is abolished by naltrindole [75]. D-Ala-deltorphin-II caused hypothermia in cold-adapted animals [76]. In contrast to mu opiate agonists, D-Ala-deltorphin-I, at low doses, stimulates respiratory activity in fetal lambs, and this effect is blocked by simultaneous administration of naltrindole [77], The peptide D-Ala-deltorphin-II inhibits diarrhea induced by castor oil and colonic bead expulsion, but it leaves the rate of transit through the small intestine unchanged [78,79]. By the SC route D-Ala-deltorphin-I inhibits acidified alcohol-induced gastric mucosal lesions [80], but by the ICV route, it fails to affect gastric secretion [81], The peptide is involved also in the control of ingestive behavior. It stimulates the intake of food [82] and of sucrose [83],... 

Evidence consistent with this conclusion has been recently obtained by Pecina et al. (2003) in the genetically-engineered DAT knockdown mice, who carry a subtotal reduction in the expression of DAT which results in an increased steady-state level of extracellular DA (Pecina et al., 2003). Compared to the wild-type mice, the knockdown mice show faster running for food in a straight runway and an increased food intake, which results in an increased body weight. This increased motivation for food was not the result of increased rewarding properties of food as estimated from the hedonic reactions to intraoral infusion of sucrose. These studies therefore are consistent with the idea that sweet reward is independent from DA and that DA plays a role in the incentive, rather than the rewarding properties of food. 

Tyrka A, Gayle C, Smith GP (1992) Raclopride decreases sucrose intake of rat pups in independent ingestion tests. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 43 863-869. 

Tyrka A, Smith GP (1993) SCH 23390, but not raclopride, decreases intake of intraorally infused 10% sucrose in adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45 243-246. 

The consumption of sucrose as a sweetener has been associated with several nutritional and medical problems, with dental caries being the most well-documented [1]. Sucrose intake may also be a factor in cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and micronutrient deficiency [2]. Therefore, there has been a continual demand for novel... 

Although aspartame has been reported to cause hyperactivity and behavioral problems in children, a double-blind controlled trial of 48 preschool-age children fed diets containing a daily intake of 38 13 mg/kg body-weight of aspartame for 3 weeks showed no adverse effects attributable to aspartame, or dietary sucrose, on children s behavior or cognitive function. ... 

Bachmanov AA, Reed DR, Tordoff MG, Price RA, Beauchamp GK (1996) Intake of ethanol, sodium chloride, sucrose, citric acid, and quinine hydrochloride solutions by mice a genetic analysis. Behav Genet 26 563-573... 

Conditioned taste aversion. Nachman and Hartley (1975) studied the development of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in rats following treatment with CN. Animals were trained to consume their daily water requirement during 10 min of access to a water bottle. On the treatment day, animals were given a 10% sucrose solution instead of water, followed by an intraperitoneal administration of NaCN (2.0 mg/kg). A subsequent decrease in sucrose solution intake, but not water intake, would be indicative of a specific CTA. In this study, no evidence of a CTA was observed, as NaCN-exposed animals consumed equivalent amounts of sucrose solution or water before and after NaCN exposure. 

---