Additional sales necessary

COMPUTING THE ADDITIONAL SALES NECESSARY TO COVER INJURY COSTS... 

Bird s text includes a chart showing the amount of additional sales necessary to pay for selected levels of annual costs at certain profit margins. Duplications of Bird s chart containing identical numbers appear in many places, as does the following example. The source of the data in Table 11.6 is a Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) publication titled Accident Cost Table. It was chosen because it can be easily accessed on the Internet. 

Table 11.6 is a selection from some of the yearly accident cost levels shown in the FMCSA publication, but it still presents the idea adequately. To determine the additional sales necessary, the accident costs are divided by the profit margin percentage selected, transformed into a decimal. In the FMCSA report, accident costs are a combination of the indirect and direct costs. 

As was previously noted, statistics comparable to those shown in Table 11.6 were discussed with an operations executive whose degree is in finance. This conversation was highly instructive, particularly with respect to unit-pricing methods and break-even charts and why the computations to determine the additional sales necessary to cover... 

To determine the additional sales necessary to cover total injury costs, the 300,000 would be divided by 0.03, the result being 10 million. 

Refer to Table 1-1 for a review of the sales required to cover specific losses. This should bring the cost into perspective. In times of keen competition and low profit margins, loss control may contribute significantly more to profits. It is necessary for additional sales of 1,667,000 in products to pay the cost of 50,000 in annual losses from injury, illness, damage or theft, assuming an average profit on sales of 3 percent. The amount of sales required to pay for losses will vary with the profit margin. 

In his Management Guide to Loss Control (1974), Frank E. Bird, Jr., proposed that, in reports to management, data should be included to show the additional sales required to pay for accident costs. As will be noted in the following discussion, the premise that additional sales are necessary to cover accident costs cannot be supported. 

Such computations will not withstand a logic test since all of the indirect and direct injury costs would be contained in the operating costs as the 10 million sales goal is attained. Thus, no additional sales, in addition to the organization s total income, are not necessary to cover accident costs. 

For some time there has an intangible but definite benefit due to enhanced credibility in the market place. Additional sales vis a vis those who have not demonstrated conformance are likely. However, the majority of instrument and system providers now see it as necessary to demonstrate conformance to some SIL and thus it becomes a positive disadvantage not to do so. 

Despite the introduction of new, improved methods of refining it has been necessary to enhance the performance of lubricants by the use of additives, either to reinforce existing qualities or to confer additional properties. Once additives were regarded with some suspicion —an oil that needed an additive was necessarily an inferior oil today they are an accepted feature of lubricants. Almost all quality lubricants on sale today contain one or more additives. An enormous range of additives are available for use in lubricants " , some produced by the oil companies and others provided by specialist manufacturers. Additives are usually named after their particular function, but many additives are multifunctional. Thus, an anti-wear additive may also protect a surface against corrosion. The main types of additives that can enhance the anti-corrosion behaviour of lubricants are listed in Table 2.22. 

In addition to the above subcategories, porcelain enameling on continuous strip is a subdivision within this industry. However, because there are only two plants in the U.S. producing this product, a separate subcategory is not necessary. These plants start with coils of steel, aluminum, or aluminized steel, porcelain enamel them and either recoil them for sale to metal fabricators or shear them into pieces for use as architectural panels or chalkboards. The estimated production was 2.0 x 106 m2 (22 x 106 ft2). This figure represents the area of enamel applied. For multiple coats, the area for each coat is considered. 

Instead of performing these calculations on smaller items like inhibitors, dyes, or catalysts, the storage requirements are usually set at either 60 or 90 days. One company, however, purchased an 11-year supply of a necessary additive. The chemical was used in very small amounts and the only manufacturer had announced it would cease producing it because of the small volume of sales. The company that needed the chemical then decided to buy a lifetime supply. 

Almost all man-made fibres destined for sale as white goods are producer-brightened by the manufacturer and white textiles are almost always laundered using detergents containing cellulose-substantive FBAs [20]. To evaluate an FBA it is necessary both to apply the product to the desired substrate and to measure the whiteness of the treated material. Measurement of the fluorescence intensity of the FBA-treated substrate provides useful additional, although different, information. 

Prior art is that information which was available in the public domain at the time of the production of the data on the invention. The search for prior art is therefore not just the relatively simple matter of checking the literature for conflicting patents. It also involves a detailed search of the literature for any piece of information that discloses any aspect of the invention. Such disclosures include not only patents but also any printed article or oral presentation, sales literature, offers for sale or actual sale of materials, which have been made publicly available. This is a time consuming activity but one which is necessary since it can avoid spurious applications being made which are later rejected by the Patent Office. Additionally, under the law the applicant has a duty to disclose all prior art that can have reasonably been known to exist. 

The BP Commission can also call on expertise available in the British Pharmacopoeia laboratories situated in the premises of the Laboratory of the Government Chemist in West London. The BP laboratory carries out and validates assay procedures for the Commission and in addition, is responsible for the procurement, establishment, maintenance and sale of British Pharmacopoeia Chemical Reference Substances (BPCRS). These reference substances, as their name suggests, are authentic samples of a drug or decomposition product which are used as standards in a drug assay. The BP laboratory also fulfils an important forensic role in the control of counterfeit medicines. With the advent of the internet, the public can easily gain access to supplies of prescription-only medicines online. These medicines are often adulterated, contaminated or simply counterfeit, and comparison with authentic samples is necessary to ensure that the correct preparation is supplied. 

There is evidence tliat PrP " in neurons is concenttated in die synaptic region. The protein is axonally transported to nerve terminals (Borchelt et al, 1994) and is enriched in presynaptic membranes obtained by subcellular fractionation (Herms et al, 1999). It has also been localized to synaptic profiles by immunoelectron microscopy (Fournier et al, 1995 Sales et al, 1998). By light microscopic immuno-cytochemistry, PrP " is found primarily in synaptic fields of the olfactory bulb, limbic structures, striatonigral complex, and cerebellar molecular layer, with little staining of neuronal perikarya or fiber pathways (Sales etal, 1998 Herms etal, 1999). These data would suggest a role for PrP in synaptic function, although additional studies are clearly necessary. 

The capital investment figures assume the development of a new site with all necessary auxiliary facilities such as loading docks, storage tanks, utilities generation, cross-country pipelines, underground storage, etc. In addition, an allowance for working capital at 10% sales is in-... 

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