Fetal adaptations

Adaptive fetal learning, prenatal exposure to garlic affects postnatal preferences. 

Hepper, P.G. 1988. Adaptive fetal learning parental exposure to garlic affects postnatal preferences. Anim. Behav. 36 935-936. 

HeLa S3 (ATCC CCL-2.2) cells, a clonal derivative of the parent HeLa line (ATCC CCL-2), which are adapted to grow in suspension and therefore more suitable for large biomass production, are used for the preparation of human cell extract. The cells are maintained in suspension culture in Coming 850 cm2 Polystyrene Roller Bottles at 37° at a concentration of 3 to 6 x 105 cells/ml in Eagle s Minimum Essential Medium Joklik Modification (Sigma) supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (Invitrogen) in the presence of 5% C02. 

A similar adaptive mutation is found in human fetal hemoglobin. This has a lower oxygen affinity than the adult in the absence of phosphate, but it also has a lower affinity for DPG, due mainly to the replacement His H21(143)/3 — Ser. As a result, the oxygen affinity of fetal blood exceeds that of the adult, which helps the transfer of oxygen from the maternal to the fetal circulation across the placenta (5). 

Insect cells can be adapted to a serum-free insect cell medium by slowly decreasing the concentration of fetal calf serum in the medium. 

Both the B cells and T cells arise in the fetal liver or bone marrow (Fig. 31-1) from pluripotent stem cells. In birds the B cells develop in a special organ, the bursa of Fabricius. Mammalian B cells complete their differentiation into mature lymphocytes within the bone marrow. However, the T cells must travel to the thymus, where they complete their maturation. The T lymphocytes include the previously mentioned NK cells as well as the somewhat similar cytolytic T cells and immunoregulatory T cells. The latter are further characterized as helper T cells41 or suppressor T cells. The adaptive response requires cooperation of helper T cells in many instances. Tire mature B and T cells leave the bone marrow and thymus, which are known as the primary lymphoid tissues, and enter the blood circulation. Following "homing" signals42 they take up residence in a variety of locations... 

Further pharmacological effects of deltorphins have been demonstrated under various experimental conditions. D-Ala-deltorphin improves memory consolidation in a passive avoidance apparatus in mice this effect is abolished by naltrindole [75]. D-Ala-deltorphin-II caused hypothermia in cold-adapted animals [76]. In contrast to mu opiate agonists, D-Ala-deltorphin-I, at low doses, stimulates respiratory activity in fetal lambs, and this effect is blocked by simultaneous administration of naltrindole [77], The peptide D-Ala-deltorphin-II inhibits diarrhea induced by castor oil and colonic bead expulsion, but it leaves the rate of transit through the small intestine unchanged [78,79]. By the SC route D-Ala-deltorphin-I inhibits acidified alcohol-induced gastric mucosal lesions [80], but by the ICV route, it fails to affect gastric secretion [81], The peptide is involved also in the control of ingestive behavior. It stimulates the intake of food [82] and of sucrose [83],... 

Third-generation rabies vaccines include a purified vero-ceU rabies vaccine (PVRV) and HDC vaccine purified by zonal centrifugation. In clinical trials (SEDA-12, 284) (SEDA-15, 357) the improved vaccines were well tolerated. In 1988, Rabies Vaccine Adsorbed (RVA), a new cell culture-derived rabies vaccine (Kissling strain of rabies virus adapted to a diploid cell line of the fetal rhesus lung cells in medium-free of human albumin and adsorbed on aluminium phosphate) for human use was... 

To appreciate the role of laboratory tests in pregnancy health care, it is necessary to understand fundamental topics, such as conception, embryo development, fetal growth, the role of the placenta, the importance and composition of amniotic fluid, maternal adaptation to pregnancy, and functional maturation of the fetus. 

Preischemic activation of a-adrenergic signaling also results in cardioprotection. Pretreatment with norepinephrine induces bimodal (early and delayed) myocardial functional adaptation to ischemia in rats. PKC appears to be involved in the early response. Delayed protection was shown to be associated with the expression of genes encoding fetal contractile proteins (increase in P-MHC mRNA).94 However, a-receptor agonists can trigger arrhythmias in the setting of ischemia and reperfusion.55... 

Figure 9.2-4 Schematic representation of the ratio of fetal/maternal IgG concentrations throughout gestation in the macaque and relationship of the fetal antibody exposure relative to the period of organogenesis. Serum IgG concentrations shown in the graph have been adapted from data from Coe et al. (1993, 1994) and Fujimoto et al. (1983).

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