Parental exposure

Inaeased risk of various cancers (e.g., lymphatics, blood, stomach, prostate, testes, brain, and soft tissues) was reported upon exposure to pesticides (Zahm and Blair 1993 Hayes et al. 1995 Zahm et al. 1997). Children s cancer, including brain tumors, leukemia, non-Hodgkin s lymphoma, sarcoma, and Wilms tumor due to direct or parental exposure to pesticides also has been determined (Fear et al. 1998 Kristensen et al. 1996 Pogoda and Preston-Martin 1997 Sharpe et al. 1995 Buckley et al. 1994). Often, the risk of cancer due to exposure to pesticides has been higher in children than in adults (Zahm and Ward 1998). Moreover, birth defects, including limb-reduction defects, have been linked to exposures to pesticides (Restrepo et al. 1990 Schwartz and LoGerfo 1998 Lin et al. 1994), as has a higher-than-normal risk of stillborn births (Pastore et al. 1997). 

Letterman RD (ed) (1999) Water quality and treatment A handbook of community water supplies, 5th ed., Amer. Water Works Assoc., McGraw-Hill, New York Lijinsky W, Epstein SS (1970) Nitrosamines as environmental carcinogens. Nature 225 21-23 Lin S, Marshall EG, Davidson GK (1994) Potential parental exposure to pesticides and hmb reduction defects. Scand J Work Environ Health 20 166-179 Linak, E, Lutz, HJ, Nakamura E (1990) Chlorinated Solvents. In Linak E, Lutz HJ, Nakamura E, C2 chlorinated solvents, chemical economics handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA, pp. 632.30000a-632.3001z Lindsay WL (1979) Chemical equilibria in soils. John Wiley, New York... 

There are some parental exposures to 1,4-dichlorobenzene that might result in potential exposures of children to this chemical. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is not genotoxic and, thus, there should be no concern about exposure to parental germ cells (see Table 2-3 and 2-4 for further information). Additional... 

Nomura T (1982) Parental exposure to X-rays and chemicals induces heritable tumours and anomalies in mice. Nature, 298 575-577. 

IOM produced two volumes about Agent Orange in 2000. One is a special report about herbicides and diabetes. The other is an update that added a childhood cancer to the list of diseases caused by parental exposures to herbicides. 

A theoretical description of critical windows during this interval has recently been described (Morford et al., 2004). The periconception critical window is unique in that it is consistent with the couple-dependent nature of human reproduction and the potential for maternal, paternal, and/or parental exposures (Chapin et al.,... 

No information was identified on parental exposures affecting children in areas of parental germ cells or germ line mutations. The topic of exposure pathways for mercury via nursing or pregnant women who have been exposed is of main concern and has been addressed earlier in this section. 

Fonnaldehyde is highly water soluble, very reactive, and is rapidly metabolized by tissues at portals of entry. Thus, parental exposure at typical indoor, outdoor, or occupational levels is not expected to result in exposure to parental genu cells or the developing fetus (See Section 2.6 for additional infomiation). 

Abstract. Scientific data show the association of population health status with environmental situation of residential area and working conditions. For ecologically induced or work-related pathology it is typical not only prevalence of chronic diseases including reproductive health disorders, such as pregnancy complications, but also health disorders in off-spring such as birth defects, diseases of newborns and children of early age due to parental exposures, etc. So risk assessment and management is essential for environmental and occupational hazards especially for chemicals for adequate reproductive health protection. 

Table 9.1 Parental exposures at work associated with childhood cancer together with an indication if they have been classified by lARC 1990 [24] as hunun carcinogens (group 1), probable (group 2A) or possible (group 2B) human carcinogens...

As of 1999,. studies of the effects of pesticide exposure on children s health were limited to those of birth defects, childhood cancer, and acute poisoning following ingestion. Some case-control studies have associated parental exposure to pesticides or pesticide use in the home with childhood brain tumors, leukemia and lymphomas, testicular cancers, and other cancers, Other studies have reported that parental exposure to pesticides or application of pesticides in the home are associated with cenain birth defects, including neural tube and other defects (Eskenazi et at., 1999). Evaluation.s iif OP and CM exposures, levels of expasures, and health impacts to children are needed. 

Sharpe, C., Franco. E. et ai. Parental exposure to pesticides and the risks of Wilms tumour in Brazil, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 141 210-217 Pesticides News 28, June 1995, page 25... 

Occupational exposures can produce a wide range of effects on reproduction. The effects of parental exposure before conception include reduced fertility, unsuccessM fertilization or implantation, an abnormal fetus, reduced libido, or menstrual dysfunction. Maternal e q)osure after conception may result in perinatal death, low birth weight, birth defects, developmental or behavioral disabilities, and cancer. 

In many studies, increased risks were described mainly for lung eaneer (about 40% above the national average), leukemia, bladder cancer, liver cancer, and ehildhood eaneers where there has been parental exposure. ... 

A distinct relation between parental occupational exposure and childhood cancer was shown for solvents and paints. High parental exposure resulted in higher incidences of childhood cancers. In the same study, however, generally more cancers were found as a result of parental use of alcohol and tobacco smoke. Childhood leukemia and nervous system cancers, in particular, are the types suspected to be caused by parental exposure to paints and solvents. Kishi et al. described an elevated risk for acute lymphatic leukemia in children of mothers with prenatal exposures to benzene and to paints. In former studies with small numbers of children these tendencies could also be shown, mainly in male painters whose children showed a higher incidence of childhood leukemia and brain tumors. 18.3.4.2.4 Respiratory effects... 

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