Adams Rule

Calclated according to the Lindeman-Adams Rules ethanol soluble polymers, CDCI3, room temperature ethanol Insoluble polymers, CD2CI4, 120 C... 

With the change in administration incoming Secretary of Transportation Brock Adams abandoned the Coleman Rule on the bases that public acceptance is not part of the traffic safety mandate, passive restraints clearly will be effective in improving traffic safety and the cost of the restramts will be more than offset through savings on insurance premium payments. In June 1977 under the Adams Rule, passive restraints were mandated for standard and luxury cars by the 1982 model year, for intermediate and compact size cars by the 1983 model year, and for subcompact and mini-size cars by the 1984 model year. The Adams Rule survived congressional and judidal review. ... 

In his testimony on the rescission of the Adams Rule William Nordhaus gave a critique of NHTSA s benefit-cost analysis and offered an alternative study. His critique covers munerous topics including the estimated cost of passive belts and the value of risk reductions employed. The central issue, however is the projected increase in usage which would accompany passive safety belts. 

Nordhaus also analyzes the benefits of alternatives to the Adams Rule which calls for large car first phase-in of passive restraints. These alternatives are simultaneous installation of passive restraints in cars of all sizes, reversal of the phase in so that small cars have passive restraints first, and rescission. Of these the small-car-first alternative has slightly larger net benefits than the Adams Rule, or simultaneous installation and much larger net benefits than rescission. 

The major features of the four benefit-cost analyses discussed are summarized in Table 4-1. While differences exist, they share a common result. We might offer a conclusion based on these conventional benefit cost studies that the mandatory passive restraints poli<7 as described in the Adams Rule passes the social net benefit test. 

The decision to rescind the Adams Rule was not made counter to results of an exemplary benefit-cost analysis which show positive net benefits of mandatory passive restraints. Taken together the four studies reviewed show positive net benefits, but they are not exemplary because they ignored crucial factors. The studies are biased in favor of a passive restraints rule because accident chances will be greater for occupants and nonoccupants—not fixed. 

For a benefit cost anal is of passive restraints which does consider changes in accident chances and implicit user costs see Blomquist and Peltzman (1981). Our study also was available when the Adams Rule was being reconsidered. 

This rule holds reasonably well when C or t varies within a narrow range for acute exposure to a gaseous compound (Rinehart and Hatch, 1964) and for chronic exposure to an inert particle (Henderson et al., 1991). Excursion of C or / beyond these limits will cause the assumption Ct = K to be incorrect (Adams et al., 1950, 1952 Sidorenko and Pinigin, 1976 Andersen et al., 1979 Uemitsu et al., 1985). For example, an animal may be exposed to 1000 ppm of diethyl ether for 420 min or 1400 ppm for 300 min without incurring any anesthesia. However, exposure to 420,000 ppm for lmin will surely cause anesthesia or even death of the animal. Furthermore, toxicokinetic study of fiver enzymes affected by inhalation of carbon tetrachloride (Uemitsu et al., 1985), which has a saturable metabolism in rats, showed that Ct = K does not correctly reflect the toxicity value of this compound. Therefore, the limitations of Haber s rule must be recognized when it is used in interpolation or extrapolation of inhalation toxicity data. 

The GP rule (eq. [21]) suffers from the poor statistical analysis for parameters describing methine and quaternary carbon atoms in highly branched alkanes. This was improved by Lindeman and Adams (120), who introduced another equation based on data for 39 alkanes, C5 through C9 ... 

The ability of the Lindeman-Adams (LA) rule to predict, 3C chemical shifts of even highly branched alkanes satisfactorily was proven impressively by calculations of the shieldings of the dodecanes 292 to 294 (393). 

Henry Adams) he found himself invariably taking for granted, as a political instinct, with out waiting further experiment, - as he took for granted that arsenic poisoned, - the rule that a friend in power is a friend lost. 

Alternatively, a product of the developing ovary could initiate pheromone production. JH was ruled out because removal of the corpus allatum-corpus cardiacum within 6 h of eclosion did not inhibit the production of (Z)-9-tricosene. In contrast, flies overiectomized within 6 h of emergence do not produce detectable amounts of any of the C23 pheromone components (Dillwith et al., 1983). When ovariectomized flies received ovary implants from 24-h-old donors on day 4, C23 sex pheromone components were detected three days later. Housefly ovaries have been shown to produce ecdysteroids (Adams et al., 1997). 

Another open question is related to the diastereoselectivity of the reaction. We have shown that Adam s rule cannot be used to explain the observed stereoselectivity in the reaction with 2-furylmethanol derivatives. If Adam s hypothesis does not work, the diastereoselectivity of the Patemo-Biichi reaction with allylic alcohols remains to be explained. 

The alternative Adams-Cotton mechanism was ruled out because all known rotation barriers of M=ER2 bonds (E = C, Si, Ge)115118 are much... 

We have illustrated the methods to obtain solid state selection rules. It should be mentioned that tables for factor group or point group analyses have been prepared by Adams and Newton (56,57) where one can read the number and type of species allowed directly from the table. Although useful, the approach neglects the procedures as how to obtain results in the tables. For further examples of the correlation method, see Refs. 58-61, and the Correlation Theory Bibliography. 

While examples corresponding to (a), (b) and the deprotonation case of (c) can be counted literally in thousands, the effect of substrate protonation in anodic oxidation is less well documented. However, amines and other nitrogen compounds have been thoroughly investigated on this point (Adams, 1969) and found to behave normally, but some recent work on anodic reactions in superacidic media has revealed a theoretically interesting exception to the rule. This concerns the anodic oxidation of alkanes and cycloalkanes in fluoro-sulphuric acid (Table 4, no. 9) with varying concentrations of added base, potassium fluorosulphate and/or acetic acid (Bertram et al., 1971, 1973). 

Ramsay and Young also found that for a given pressure the ratio of the absolute temperature to the absolute critical temperature is approximately consent. This is an extension of Guldberg s rule ( 7.VII C). Adams found that the b.p. abs. at p atm. is related to that at 1 atm. by the formula ... 

---