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Acute viral respiratory infections

Picornavimses are small, nonenveloped RNA vimses. Members of this family include rhino- and enteroviruses, which are responsible for a variety of human diseases (viral respiratory infection, viral meningitis, myocarditis, pericarditis, encephalitis, chronic meningoencephalitis, herpangina, otitis media, neonatal enteroviral disease, and acute exacerbations of asthma). [Pg.979]

Sinusitis, or inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, is better described as rhinosinusitis that also involves inflammation of contiguous nasal mucosa, which occurs in virtually all cases of viral respiratory infections. Acute rhinosinusitis is characterized by symptoms that resolve completely in less than 4 weeks, whereas chronic rhinosinusitis typically persists as cough, rhi-norrhea, or nasal obstruction for more than 90 days. Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) refers to an acute bacterial infection of the sinuses that can occur independently or be superimposed on chronic sinusitis. The focus of this section will be on ABRS and appropriate treatment. [Pg.1067]

The role of viral and bacterial infections (e.g. hepatitis A, measles, tuberculosis) on the development of asthma and allergy. Although viral respiratory infections frequently trigger acute exacerbations of asthma, the relationship between such infections and asthma is not clear. There is some evidence supporting two different but not mutually exclusive hypotheses predisposed children are susceptible to asthma and respiratory tract infections or severe respiratory tract infections cause development of asthma . [Pg.144]

Noah TL, Henderson FW, Wortman lA et al. Nasal cytokine production in viral acute upper respiratory infection of childhood. J Infect Dis 1995 171(3) 584-92. [Pg.69]

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher rates of pneumonia infection of both viral and bacterial origin. In vitamin D-deficient Ethiopian children under the age of five, a thirteen-fold increased risk of pneumonia was evident compared to vitamin D-suffident case control subjects (Muhe et al. 1997). Half of the children hospitalized for pneumonia in a series from Yemen were rachitic (Banajeh et al. 1997). Forty-three percent of rachitic children in Kuwait had pneumonia (Lubani et al. 1989). An association of subcUnical vitamin D deficiency with marked acute lower respiratory infection was also evident in Indian children younger than five years old (Wayse et al. 2004). As mentioned previously, an association between serum vitamin D concentrations <40 nmol/L and acute respiratory tract infection was found as well in young Finnish military recruits (Laaksi et al. 2007). In a prospective cohort study of 198 healthy adults, mouthly serum 25(OH)D was measured and participants were evaluated for any form of respiratory tract infection by investigators blinded to 25(OH)D status (Sabetta et al. 2010). Maintenance of a serum concentration of 38 ng/mL or higher afforded a reduction in the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections, especially during the fall and winter. [Pg.96]

Sabetta, J. R., DePetriUo, R, Cipriani, R. J. et al. 2010. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PLoS One 5 el 1088. [Pg.105]

Acute HIV Infection Diagnosis of acute HIV infection is difficult, since many patients are asymptomatic, or have nonspecific clinical symptoms similar to other common respiratory infections. If acute HIV infection is suspected, HIV antibody tests and a plasma HIV RNA concentration should be obtained. A clear diagnosis is made when an HIV antibody test is negative and the plasma HIV RNA concentration is high. There are limited outcomes data for treating acutely infected patients. Treatment of acute infection can decrease the severity of acute disease and decrease the viral set point this may decrease progression rates and reduce the rate of viral transmission.18-22 Limitations include an increased risk of chronic drug-induced toxicides and the development of viral resistance. [Pg.1266]

In rural regions with maximal pesticide exposure, children more often suffer the following illnesses before the age of 14 [A109] iron-deficit anemias (10 times more often in Turkmenia, 4 times in Armenia, 2.5 times in Azerbaijan, 2 times in Uzbekistan, and 1.4 times in Moldavia) active tuberculosis (2 times in Moldavia, 2.3 times in Kirgizia, 1.6 times in Armenia and Azerbaijan) viral hepatitis (23.7 times in Turkmenia, 2.4 times in Armenia, 2 times in Azerbaijan, 1.2 times in Kirgizia) and acute upper respiratory tract infections (21 times in Turkmenia, 1.4 times in Kirgizia). [Pg.72]

Bronchiolitis is an acute viral infection of the lower respiratory tract of infants that affects approximately 50% of children during the first year of life and 100% by 3 years. [Pg.483]

Neuraminidase is an essential viral glycoprotein for virus replication and release. The neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir have recently been approved for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza infection. When a 5-day course of therapy is initiated within 36-48 hours after the onset of symptoms, use of either agent shortens the severity and duration of illness and may decrease the incidence of respiratory complications in children and adults. Unlike amantadine and rimantidine, zanamivir and oseltamivir have activity against both influenza A and influenza B. Zanamivir is administered via oral inhaler. The compound displays poor oral bioavailability, limited plasma protein binding, rapid renal clearance, and absence of significant metabolism. Nasal and throat discomfort may occur—as well as bronchospasm in patients with reactive airway disease. [Pg.1151]

Respiratory syncytial virus is the most common cause of acute bronchiolitis, an infection that mostly affects infants during their first year of life. In the well infant, bronchiolitis is usually a self-limiting viral illness, whereas in the child with underlying respiratory or cardiac disease or both, the child may develop severe respiratory compromise (failure) necessitating in-hospital treatment, such as rehydration, oxygen, and in select patients, bronchodilators, ribavirin aerosol, or both. [Pg.1943]

Bronchiolitis is an acute viral infection of the lower respiratory tract most commonly affecting infants during the first year of life, with peak attack rates occurring in infants between the ages of 2 and 10 months. Infectious bronchiolitis is unusual in children older than 2 years of age. The occurrence of bronchiolitis peaks during... [Pg.1949]

Similar to acute otitis media, acute sinusitis usually is preceded by a viral respiratory tract infection that causes mucosal inflammation." " This can lead to obstruction of the sinus ostia—the pathways that drain the sinuses. Mucosal secretions become trapped, local defenses are impaired, and bacteria from adjacent surfaces begin to proliferate." " " The pathogenesis of chronic sinnsitis has not been well studied. Whether it is caused by more persistent pathogens or there is a snbtle defect in the host s immnne fnnction, some patients develop chronic symptoms after their acnte infection." " " ... [Pg.1968]

Tincture Use fresh herb in flower 1 2 with 95 percent alcohol, use 20 to 40 drops up to 3 times day in hot water. Dry herb 1 5 with 60 percent alcohol, use 30 to 50 drops in hot water up to 3 times a day. In acute viral or bacterial upper respiratory infections, use 10 drops of tincture in hot water every half hour up to 6 times a day. In chronic conditions when the acute stage has passed but there is continued chronic fatigue and relapse, use 10 drops of tincture in hot water 4 times a day. [Pg.88]

Upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is a term that refers to various upper airway infections, including otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and rhinitis. Most URIs are viral and often selflimited. Over 1 billion viral URIs occur annually in the United States, resulting in millions of physician office visits each year.1 Excessive antibiotic use for URIs has contributed to the significant development of bacterial resistance. Guidelines have been established to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use for viral URIs.2 This chapter will focus on acute otitis media, sinusitis, and pharyngitis because they are frequently caused by bacteria and require appropriate antibiotic therapy to minimize complications. [Pg.1061]

Acute bacterial otitis media usually follows a viral upper respiratory tract infection that causes eustachian tube dysfunction and mucosal swelling in the middle ear. [Pg.491]

Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome, renal failure, and multi-organ failure. Evidence that the clinical spectrum of human H5N1 infections is not restricted to pulmonary symptoms was provided by a reported case of possible central nervous system involvement in a Vietnamese boy who presented with diarrhea, followed by coma and death. Influenza H5N1 virus was isolated from throat, rectal, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid specimens, suggesting widely disseminated viral replication. [Pg.544]

There are numerous studies on echinacea in the literature, many of which indicate either an in vitro immune stimulation or a significant clinical reduction in the severity and duration of upper respiratory viral symptoms, especially when taken early in the onset of symptoms. Despite several of these meta-analyses concluding that echinacea is an effective immunomodulator of acute infection, there is still controversy as to the extent of its clinical effectiveness. A number of trials now clearly indicate that echinacea is unlikely to be effective in the prevention of colds, even if it may slightly shorten their course. [Pg.788]


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