Localism, defensive

Similar to acute otitis media, acute sinusitis usually is preceded by a viral respiratory tract infection that causes mucosal inflammation." " This can lead to obstruction of the sinus ostia—the pathways that drain the sinuses. Mucosal secretions become trapped, local defenses are impaired, and bacteria from adjacent surfaces begin to proliferate." " " The pathogenesis of chronic sinnsitis has not been well studied. Whether it is caused by more persistent pathogens or there is a snbtle defect in the host s immnne fnnction, some patients develop chronic symptoms after their acnte infection." " " ... 

In some cases, even establishing a chain of entities may be complicated by the need for permission from the sovereign government. There is also the need to sometimes work with local defense forces. Finally, as will be discussed in Section 8.5, these chains have to be created while respecting the humanitarian space expectations of the specific event. 

The id Battalion substituted. yo carbines for the. 4( s in order to have a better local defense capability. Breaks Comments, 3 Feb 61. 

Wolf H (1994) Can orally applied immunomodulators improve local defense In Masihi KN (ed) Immunotherapy of infections. Marcel Dekker, New York, 351-355... 

Accident defenses may be regarded as a series of barriers (engineered safety systems, safety procedures, emergency training, etc.). As barriers fail, incipient failures become real. Inappropriate management policies create inadequate PIFs, which give rise to opportunities foi ermr when initiated by local triggers or unusual conditions. 

Each local emergency planning committee was responsible for developing an emergency response phm by October 17, 1987. An LEPC was to be composed of elected stale and local officials police, fire, civil defense, and public health professionals representatives of community groups ... 

Although a plan for a city dii ided by a river may not be applicable to a desert city on a seismic fault, duplication can be an enemy of cost efficiency. Thus wherever possible, any emergency plans diat already exist in die community should be used as a starting point. Coinmunity groups diat may have developed such plans include civil defense organizadons, fire departments, die Red Cross, public health agencies, and local industry councils. Existing plans should be studied and their applicability to the proposed community plan evaluated. 

That the notice is not justified by the terms of Section 80. The most common reason for this defense is that the nuisance had not already occurred, and that the local authority did not have reasonable grounds to believe that the nuisance was likely to occur. 

That the authorities have refused unreasonably to accept compliance with alternative requirements or that the requirements of the notice are otherwise unreasonable in character or extent, or are unnecessary. This defense is self-explanatory. The local authorities are only permitted to ask for works that will abate the noise nuisance. Other works (perhaps to comply with legislation) should not be specified in the notice. They may, however, be contained in a letter separate from the notice. An example of this would be where the fitting of acoustic enclosures to food-manufacturing machines breached food hygiene requirements. Readily cleanable enclosures may be a requirement of the Food Hygiene Regulations, but it should not be contained in a Section 58 Control of Pollution Act notice. 

Extracts from 152 plant species, representing 46 different families, were screened for effects on tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) replication in cucumber cotyledons. Twenty species have shown enough activity to warrant further study. Several members of the Caprifoliaceae family increased virus replication. An extract of Lonicera involucrata enlarged the virus lesions in local lesion hosts and produced a thirty fold increase in virus titer, but had no effect on virus replication in systemic hosts. The active material appears to affect the virus defense mechanism of local lesion hosts. An extract of common geranium is an active virus inhibitor. It inactivates TMV and TMV-RNA (ribonucleic acid) in vitro by forming non-infectious complexes. In vivo, it also inhibited starch lesion formation in cucumber cotyledons incited by TMV infection. 

Choi H.W. Kim Y.J. Lee S.C. Hong J.K. Hwang B.K. (2007) Hydrogen peroxide generation by the pepper extracellular peroxidase CaP02 activates local and systemic cell death and defense response to bacterial pathogens / / Plant Physiology. V. 145. P. 890-904. 

Local host defenses of both the upper and lower respiratory tract, along with the anatomy of the airways, are important in preventing infection. Upper respiratory defenses include the mucodliary apparatus of the nasopharynx, nasal hair, normal bacterial flora, IgA antibodies, and complement. Local host defenses of the lower respiratory tract include cough, mucodliary apparatus of the trachea and bronchi, antibodies (IgA, IgM, and IgG), complement, and alveolar macrophages. Mucus lines the cells of the respiratory tract, forming a protective barrier for the cells. This minimizes the ability of organisms to attach to the cells and initiate the infectious process. The squamous epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract are not ciliated, but those of the columnar epithelium of the lower tract are. The cilia beat in a uniform fashion upward, moving particles up and out of the lower respiratory tract. 

An abscess occurs if peritoneal contamination is localized but bacterial elimination is incomplete. The location of the abscess often is related to the site of primary disease. For example, abscesses resulting from appendicitis tend to appear in the right lower quadrant or the pelvis those resulting from diverticulitis tend to appear in the left lower quadrant or pelvis. A mature abscess may have a fibrinous capsule that isolates bacteria and the liquid core from antimicrobials and immunologic defenses. 

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