Acrylic fibers dyeing

Cellulose triesters, moisture properties of selected, 5 416t Cellulose trinitrate, 5 396 Cellulose valerate(s), 5 419 moisture properties, 5 416t Cellulose x, 5 373, 378-379 8 21 Cellulose xanthate, 4 716 5 383 20 559 Cellulosic-acrylic fibers, dyeing, 9 201-202 Cellulosic fiber blends, dyeing, 9 199-202 Cellulosic fiber—nylon blends, dyeing, 9 202 Cellulosic fibers, 18 96... 

Ethyl orthoformate is an intermediate for acrylic fiber dyes and photographic sensitizers of the polymethine family. 

Uses Dispersant for calcareous soaps, dyestuffs, pigments, oils, and soivs. in textile industry aids level dyeing with good penetration and rubbing fastness protective colloid prevents bronzing and lacquers formation in acrylic fiber dyeing with basic dyestuffs... 

Uses Dyeing assistant retarder for basic dyes on acrylic fibers dye retarder for jet machines... 

Highly colored, they have been used to dye cellulose acetate (552) and acrylic fibers (553). Cationic dyes prepared from 2-azothiazoles by simple alkylation on the ring nitrogen (552) have been used increasingly with the introduction of polyacrylonitrile fibers with basic sites that can be colored with such dyes (554). 

Orange dye that gives on qiiaternizalion a new fast-ted dye oti acrylic fibers... 

Fig. 4. Carbocychc azo dyes. Disperse Yellow 3 [2832-40-8] (Cl 11855) (26) is used to dye polyester Reactive Orange 1 [6522-74-3] (Cl 17907) (27) is a cotton dye Direct Orange 26 [25188-23-2] (Cl 29150) (28) is a dye for paper Synacril Fast Red 2G [48222-26-0] (Cl 11085) (29) dyes acrylic fibers Acid...

Gellulosic—Acrylic Fibers. Commonly this blend is used ia koitgoods, wovea fabrics for slacks, drapery, and upholstery fabrics. Siace anionic direct dyes are used for the ceUulosic fiber and cationic dyes for the acryHcs, a one-bath dyeiag process is only suitable for light to medium shades. Auxiliaries are needed to prevent precipitation of any dye complexes. 

Wool—Acrylic Fibers. This blend is being used for iadustrial and hand knitting yams. The acryHc fiber is aesthetically similar to wool, iacreases the strength of the yam, and adds bulk to the goods. Special precautions are necessary siace the two fibers are colored with dyes of opposite ionic type. Coprecipitation is prevented with the use of an antiprecipitant. Usually, level dyeing acid dyes are used for the wool portion in combination with the cationic dyes for acryHc fiber. 

Polyester Fibei Acrylic Fiber Blends. This fiber blend is dyed ia a similar fashion to that of the blends of the different polyester fibers. The selection of cationic dyes is substantially larger for the acryhc blend. 

Recently, nitrilases have been applied to polymer modification, specifically to the modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Nearly 3 x 106 tons of PAN are produced per annum and used in the textile industry. However, there is a great need to improve moisture uptake, dyeability with ionic dyes, and feel of this acrylic fiber. The cyano moieties of PAN have been successfully modified to carboxylates with the commercial Cyanovacta nitrilase, thus enhancing the aforementioned properties of PAN [98]. Nitrilase action on the acrylic fabric was improved... 

Doped silicon, conductivity in, 23 35 Doped/undoped electrochromic organic films, 6 580-582 Dope-dyeing, 9 197 Dope-making process, in acrylic fiber solution spinning, 11 204 Dope solids, in air gap spinning, 11 209 Doping, 23 838—839 calcium, 23 842-844 conducting polymers, 7 528-529... 

The product is obtained in 85% yield by treatment with aqueous NaOH followed by distillation (36GEP663891). 2-Aminopyridine is used in the manufacture of several chemotherapeutics, dyes for acrylic fibers, and as an additive for lubricants (71MI1). Monomeric cyanamide reacts with acetylene in the presence of the Tj -borininato cobalt catalyst to give 2-aminopyridine [Eq.(27)]. For experimental details see Bonnemann and Brijoux (84MI7). 

Uses. Dyeing of acrylic fibers and as a chemical intermediate... 

Because of the repulsion of the cyanide groups the polymer backbone assumes a rod-like conformation. The fibers derive their basic properties from this stiff structure of PAN where the nitrile groups are randomly distributed about the backbone rod. Because of strong bonding between the chains, they tend to form bundles. Most acrylic fibers actually contain small amounts of other monomers, such as methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. As they are difficult to dye, small amounts of ionic monomers, such as sodium styrene sulfonate, are often added to improve their dyeability. Other monomers are also employed to improve dyeability. These include small amounts (about 4%) of more hydrophilic monomers, such as -vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (Equation 6.69), methacrylic add, or 2-vinylpyridine (Equation 6.70). 

Propene is used as a starting material for numerous other compounds. Chief among these are isopropyl alcohol, acrylonitrile, and propylene oxide. Isopropyl alcohol results from the hydration of propylene during cracking and is the primary chemical derived from propylene. Isopropyl alcohol is used as a solvent, antifreeze, and as rubbing alcohol, but its major use is for the production of acetone. Acrylonitrile is used primarily as a monomer in the production of acrylic fibers. Polymerized acrylonitrile fibers are produced under the trade names such as Orion (DuPont) and Acrilan (Monsanto). Acrylonitrile is also a reactant in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, synthetic rubber, and resins. Acrylonitrile production occurs primarily through ammoxidation of propylene CH3- CH = CH2 + NH3 + 1.5 02—> CH2 = CH - C = N + 3 H20. 

Uses. The largest use for sodium thiocyanate is as the 50—60 wt % aqueous solution, as a component of the spinning solvent for acrylic fibers (see Fibers, ACRYLIC Acrylonitrile polymers). Other textile applications are as a fiber swelling agent and as a dyeing and printing assist. A newer commercial use for sodium thiocyanate is as an additive to cement in order to impart early strength to concrete (376). 

Sulfur dyes are used mainly for dyeing textile cellulosic materials or blends of cellulosic fibers (qv) with synthetic fibers such as acrylic fibers, polyamides (nylons), and polyesters. They are also used for silk (qv) and paper (qv) in limited quantities for specific applications. Solubilized sulfur dyes are used on certain types of leathers (qv). 

Combination techniques such as microscopy—fdr and pyrolysis—ir have helped solve some particulady difficult separations and complex identifications. Microscopy—fdr has been used to determine the composition of copolymer fibers (22) polyacrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and a dye-receptive organic sulfonate trimer have been identified in acrylic fiber. Both normal and grazing angle modes can be used to identify components (23). Pyrolysis—ir has been used to study polymer decomposition (24) and to determine the degree of cross-linking of sulfonated divinylbenzene—styrene copolymer (25) and ethylene or propylene levels and ratios in ethylene—propylene copolymers (26). 

Acrylic fibers - [ACRYLONITRILE] (Vol 1) - [ACRYLONITRILE] (Vol 1) - [ACRYLICESTERPOLYMERS - 2-CYANOACRYLIC ESTERPOLYMERS] (Vol 1) -dyeing of pYES, APPLICATION AND EVALUATION] (Vol 8) -dyes for [TRIPHENYLMETHANE AND RELATED DYES] (Vol 24) -oxazme dyes [AZINE DYES] (Vol 3) -whitening of [FLUORESCENT WHITENING AGENTS] (Vol 11)... 

Basic dyes are die must popular class applied to acrylic fibers. Like nylon, acrylic can be dyed with disperse dyes, but with the same reservations of fastness. Disperse dyes are therefore only used for pale shades where excellent levelncss is needed or difficult to obtain by any other method owing to variations in the fiber... 

Cotton-acrylic fiber blends are also used for high quality upholstery pile fabrics. Besides the one-bath exhaust dyeing procedure involving a very high ratio of liquor to bath, a continuous pad-steam process is used to dye these fabrics. 

Industrial use of acrylic fiber hroadwoven goods has increased in recent years. The advantages arc uv slabilily and ils wide range of options for dyeing. The primary products are marine fabrics, awnings, and outdoor furniture. The worldwide piclurc for acrylics is summarized in Tabic 2. 

Benzotrichloride Method. The central carbon atom of the dye is supplied by the trichloromcthyl group from p-chlorobenzotrichJoridc. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical triphenylmethane dyes suitable for acrylic fibers are prepared by this method. 

In addition to the dyeing and printing of natural and acrylic fibers, triarylmethane dyes are suitable for the coloration of other substrates such as paper, ceramics, leather, fur, anodized aluminium, waxes, polishes, soaps, plastics, drugs, and cosmetics. Several triarylmethane dyes are used as food colorants and aie manufactured under stringent processing controls. 

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